(\376\377\000C\000o\000n\000t\000e\000x\000t) Around two fifths of the EU-27 population living in single adult households with, Working status is unsurprisingly one of the main socio-economic characteristics that impacts upon the risk of poverty or social exclusion. Methodological Pitfalls in the Measurement of Poverty in a Comparative Perspective," LIS Working papers 258, LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg. In a society where contraception was little known, except through abstinence, and irregular liaisons were frowned upon, the tendency to marry late was an indication of poverty. 22 0 obj However, the majority of the EU-27 population living at risk of poverty or social exclusion experienced only one of the three individual criteria: there were 47.5 million persons who were exclusively at risk of poverty, 9.7 million who faced severe material deprivation and 9.0 million that lived in households with very low work intensity. The impact of housing costs varies considerably both between and within EU Member States: for example, somebody who lives in central Paris may expect to spend a considerably larger proportion of their income on housing costs than someone who lives in Perpignan, Rennes or Strasbourg. Across the EU Member States, the relative impact of housing on poverty was particularly pronounced in Denmark, Czechia, Greece, the Netherlands, Finland, Germany, Slovakia and Belgium, where the at-risk-of-poverty rate in 2019 was more than twice as high after deducting housing costs than beforehand. Poverty is the state of not having enough material possessions or income for a person's basic needs. Income poverty is the most common form of poverty in Europe, affecting 17.3 percent of people. endobj The at-risk-of-poverty rates for the European aggregates are population-weighted averages of the relevant national rates. Among the adult population, elderly people — defined here as people aged 65 years and over — were somewhat less likely to be exposed to the risk of poverty. /Filter /FlateDecode In the majority of western Member States, the risk of poverty or social exclusion was most pronounced in cities. The number or share of people who are at risk of poverty or social exclusion combines three separate measures and covers those persons who are in at least one of these three situations: The results presented in this article confirm that the risk of poverty or social exclusion was greater across the EU-27 among women (rather than men), young adults (rather than middle-aged persons or pensioners), people with a low level of educational attainment (rather than those with a tertiary level of educational attainment) and people with longstanding health limitations. In 2019, an estimated 21.1 % of the EU-27 population — or some 92.4 million people — were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. More than one fifth of people living in rural areas of the EU-27 were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. 41 0 obj In the EU in 2018, 5.8% of the population were severely materially deprived. endobj Among the 92.4 million inhabitants within the EU-27 that faced the risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2019, some 5.2 million lived in households experiencing simultaneously all three poverty and social exclusion risks. The risk of poverty and social exclusion is not dependent strictly on a household’s level of income, as it may also reflect joblessness, low work intensity, working status, or a range of other socio-economic issues. Health limitations were a noteworthy determinant of differences in the risk of poverty or social exclusion. Western Europe The World Bank in Western Europe The World Bank Group (WBG) has established ambitious goals to galvanize international and national efforts to end extreme poverty within a generation and to promote shared prosperity. 16 0 obj Try the new automatic translation by clicking on the blue icon “Translate” up in the right corner of the article! Between these two age groups, the risk of poverty or social exclusion was 19.9 % for people aged 25-49 years and 21.9 % among the population aged 50-64 years. On the contrary, countries located in Northern and Western Europe feature lower levels of energy poverty, stemming, among others, from their higher gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the financial support provided to those of the lowest income quantiles [14,15]. Among the EU Member States, the risk of poverty or social exclusion for this type of household ranged from 24.6 % in Greece to 6.6 % in Denmark. Component indicators which contribute to an analysis of the risk of poverty or social exclusion. The profile of people in the EU-27 at risk of poverty or social exclusion. 12 0 obj Western Europe benefited from the transfer of seeds and agricultural technology from the East. (\376\377\000H\000o\000w\000\040\000d\000o\000\040\000p\000o\000v\000e\000r\000t\000y\000\040\000a\000n\000d\000\040\000s\000o\000c\000i\000a\000l\000\040\000e\000x\000c\000l\000u\000s\000i\000o\000n\000\040\000a\000f\000f\000e\000c\000t\000\040\000E\000u\000r\000o\000p\000e\000?) 5 0 obj It also has a coast on the Adriatic Sea. In 2019, around two fifths (40.3 %) of single adult households with dependent children in the EU-27 faced the risk of poverty or social exclusion. (\376\377\000P\000u\000b\000l\000i\000c\000a\000t\000i\000o\000n\000s) By contrast, the Baltic and many of eastern and southern EU Member States were characterised by housing costs having a relatively low impact on the risk of poverty. endobj In 2019, almost one third (33.2 %) of all persons aged 18 years and over with a low level of educational attainment (ISCED levels 0-2) in the EU-27 were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, compared with 10.5 % of people in the same age group with a tertiary (high) level of educational attainment (ISCED levels 5-8). 8 0 obj Some 8.5 % of the EU-27 population lived in households with very low work intensity in 2019 (either as a single risk or combined with one of the other risks), while 5.6 % of the EU-27 population faced severe material deprivation (either as a single risk or combined with one of the other risks). Figure 5 provides an analysis for the EU-27 population of the various risks of poverty or social exclusion. In five EU Member States this rate exceeded 50.0 % in 2019: Bulgaria (59.0 %), Latvia (56.8 %), Estonia (53.5 %), Lithuania (52.2 %) and Croatia (50.9 %). In 2019, people in the EU-27 aged 16 years or over who were severely limited in activities because of health problems have a substantially higher risk of poverty or social exclusion (34.9 %) than persons without limitations (17.4 %). (\376\377\000W\000h\000i\000c\000h\000\040\000g\000r\000o\000u\000p\000s\000\040\000a\000r\000e\000\040\000a\000t\000\040\000g\000r\000e\000a\000t\000e\000r\000\040\000r\000i\000s\000k\000\040\000o\000f\000\040\000p\000o\000v\000e\000r\000t\000y\000\040\000o\000r\000\040\000s\000o\000c\000i\000a\000l\000\040\000e\000x\000c\000l\000u\000s\000i\000o\000n\000?) endobj endobj Methodological pitfalls in the measurement of poverty in a comparative perspective Slightly revised version of a paper prepared for the ISQOLS Conference July 20, 2000 in Girona, Spain, The U.K.’s national poverty rate is 16.7 percent and Romania’s is above 25 percent. Having peaked at 108.7 million in 2012, the number of persons who were at risk of poverty or social exclusion in the EU-27 fell during seven consecutive years. Persons who were unemployed faced a particularly high risk of poverty or social exclusion. Eight out of 10 ‘new poor’ will be in middle-income countries WASHINGTON, Oct. 7, 2020 — Global extreme poverty is expected to rise in 2020 for the first time in over 20 years as the disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic compounds the forces of conflict and climate change, which were already slowing poverty reduction progress, the World Bank said today. At-risk-of-poverty thresholds may, in theory, be set at any arbitrary level. The impact of social transfers on monetary poverty. 31 0 obj Between 2009 and 2013, the number of Europeans living without enough money to heat their homes or cope with unforeseen expenses, known as “severe material deprivation”, rose by 7.5 million to 50 million people. In 2019, the national at-risk of poverty income thresholds (based on 60 % of national median equivalised income) for a single person ranged from a high of PPS 17 366 in Luxemburg down to PPS 5 022 in Bulgaria and PPS 4 403 in Romania. (\376\377\000O\000t\000h\000e\000r\000\040\000a\000r\000t\000i\000c\000l\000e\000s) The map shows Western Europe, but you can choose the ‘chart’ tab to see all available series. The lowest shares of the population living in rural areas that faced the risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2019 were 11.3 % in Austria, 10.9 % in the Netherlands and 6.2 % in Malta. Note that there are no thresholds for the European aggregates (EU-27 or EA-19) as the thresholds are only applied nationally. endobj In 2019, while the risk of poverty or social exclusion in the EU-27 was 11.1 % for, The risk of poverty or social exclusion varies considerably between the EU Member States, but also within individual Member States. In 2019, 92.4 million people in the EU-27 were at risk of poverty or social exclusion; this was equivalent to 21.1 % of the EU-27 population. In 2019, more than one fifth (21.1 %) of people living in households with dependent children in the EU-27 were at risk of poverty or social exclusion which was the same share as among households without dependent children. << /S /GoTo /D (figure.caption.11) >> << /S /GoTo /D (figure.caption.11) >> 32 0 obj The risk of poverty or social exclusion was generally higher for the population living in households with three or more children. Persistent at-risk-of-poverty rates were generally lower for people living in households composed of two or more adults without dependent children than they were for people living in households composed of two or more adults with dependent children. Since the 1980s the UK went from having the lowest to one of the highest rates of poverty among elderly people in western Europe Percentage of population aged 65 … poverty is generally associated with difficulties in the agricultural sector. Around one in five people in the EU-27 were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. "Is There Income Poverty in Western Europe? << /S /GoTo /D (figure.caption.11) >> endobj 23 0 obj endobj The poverty rate is the ratio of the number of people (in a given age group) whose income falls below the poverty line; taken as half the median household income of the total population. The reference population for the information presented in this article is all private households and their current members residing in the territory of an EU Member State (or non-member country) at the time of data collection; persons living in collective households and in institutions are generally excluded from the target population. >> endobj << /S /GoTo /D (figure.caption.5) >> << /S /GoTo /D (figure.caption.2) >> (\376\377\000E\000x\000t\000e\000r\000n\000a\000l\000\040\000l\000i\000n\000k\000s) endobj Women, young adults, people with a low level of educational attainment, people who experienced limitations in activities due to health problems, and unemployed persons were, on average, more likely to be at risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2019 than other groups within the EU-27 population (see Figure 2). x�}WMs�6��W�Vr&� � �ܚ����N�ڧ�ӡ)Xf"� �ѿ�~@�X� w����XE~*ZH��&�3-La�z{��F )ej�B6S���3eAiЃp�q�������S��uēOnd���hT�#X�Bxww��-SQZ���et��\�ZE6�E�Fw��s|; ]�Ej�8���YӮ����0��"��Ȅ���X���K������nH�����T�'cW7Ն},�)}�G.qv����a��q�}%�e&S�d���*�r�DV�Z��+ߌ��C�n���i��RR���6*�2$�V�����a�h)�l��9���GߔE EDUCATION AND POVERTY IN WESTERN EUROPE Joanna McPake and Ghazala Bhatti 1 Poverty in Europe Poverty affects the lives It is currently estimated that some 15 % of the population of the European Union (52 million people) live below the poverty line (European Commission, 1994a). In total, nine Members States displayed this situation, with the gap between the rate for cities and for the next highest degree of urbanisation class highest in Austria (11.1 percentage points difference), followed by Belgium (9.9 points). In Western Europe, energy poverty is driven by low incomes and energy- inefficient homes. Poverty or social exclusion in the EU-28 In 2018, 109.2 million people were at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE), equivalent to 21.7% of the EU population. One hundred eighteen million people (23.5 percent) of the EU-28 population were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, with 43 million of those not able to afford a quality meal every second day. The headline target for social inclusion in the EU is to lift at least 20 million people out of poverty or social exclusion by 2020. (\376\377\000T\000a\000b\000l\000e\000s) With this in mind, a range of indicators have been developed which help to provide information to address global challenges for the 21st century — poverty, the quality of life, health, climate change and resource depletion. It reveals that the share of the EU-27 population that was at risk of poverty in 2019 was 16.5 % before deducting housing costs but 30.4 % after deducting housing costs. In the EU-27, close to two thirds (65.4 %) of the unemployed aged 18 years and over were at risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2019. (\376\377\000L\000e\000g\000i\000s\000l\000a\000t\000i\000o\000n) The largest decreases in the at-risk-of-poverty rate anchored in 2008 were observed in the Baltic Member States and in Poland, Bulgaria and Romania, all of which recorded rates in 2019 that were more than 10.0 points lower than they had been in 2008; this was also the case in Turkey (2008-2018). The risk of poverty or social exclusion was notably higher among people living in households with dependent children in Luxembourg (a difference of 7.8 percentage points), Spain (6.5 points) and Italy (5.2 points; 2018 data). endobj In EU Member States with high living standards, a person having an income below the threshold does not necessarily imply a very low standard of living or quality of life in absolute terms. The information shown in Figure 6 confirms that monetary poverty — in other words, those people at risk of poverty — was the most widespread form of poverty and social exclusion, with 16.5 % of the EU-27 population at risk of poverty in 2019 (to a relatively small extent combined with one or both of the other two risks). ����r�ϐU��E���"���Y �.t�y��"���_��ZC���U��G$��@/�)�����k��l��id�@����04�dl��m��jlF��[h�7'�ᖀ[�z`ZQ�i�˞.��g���1����U�* Tables in this article use the following notation: In recent years, Eurostat has invested considerable resources in developing a set of indicators that are designed to reach Beyond GDP, thereby providing a more inclusive analysis of economic, social and environmental aspects of progress. McPake, J., Bhatti, G. Education and poverty in Western Europe. 40 0 obj In the remaining 13 Member States — including all of the southern Member States except for Cyprus — the risk was higher for people living in households with dependent children. In Finland, the risk was joint highest in cities and rural areas. Nevertheless, these rates varied considerably across the EU Member States. << /S /GoTo /D (figure.caption.11) >> In 2019, social transfers reduced the at-risk-of poverty rate for the EU-27 population from 24.5 % (after pensions but before other social transfers) to 16.5 %, bringing the rate down by 8.0 percentage points. Almost every country has fewer than 1% living in such a condition, and A comparison of the at-risk- of-poverty rate before and after deducting housing costs is shown in Figure 8. 34 0 obj poverty issue in Western Europe (Gallie and Paugam 2000; Hauser et al. A more reliable measure for monitoring developments over time is the at-risk-of-poverty rate anchored at a specific point in time and adjusted for inflation. Poverty may include social, economic, and political elements. << /S /GoTo /D (figure.caption.11) >> In Latvia and Estonia, the risk of poverty or social exclusion among persons living in households without children was 17.8 and 12.4 percentage points higher respectively than the risk faced by people living in households with dependent children. endobj As such, the share of the EU-27 population that was at risk of poverty was almost twice as high after taking account of housing costs. /Length 1601 On this basis, the at-risk-of-poverty rate anchored in 2008 for the EU-27 (in its composition of the respective year) was 2.3 percentage points higher in 2019 than in 2008. Housing costs often account for a considerable proportion of a household’s disposable income and rising housing costs are often cited as one of the key factors burdening households with low incomes. Table 1 looks in more detail at some specific types of households. endobj Info Box 1- What is energy poverty? Definition ofPoverty rate. Among the EU Member States, 47.0 % of all people living in single-adult households with dependent children in Malta faced a persistent risk of poverty in 2019 as did more than one third of such households in Slovakia, Bulgaria and Luxembourg. These numbers were determined by actually dividing the country’s GDP by the population of the country. endobj Each article helps provide a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of living conditions in Europe, presenting some key results from the European Union’s (EU) statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC), which is conducted across EU Member States, as well as the United Kingdom and most of the EFTA and candidate countries. In seven Member States — namely Latvia, Estonia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Lithuania and Denmark — the risk of poverty or social exclusion was higher for the population living in single person households than it was for people living in single adult households with dependent children. The risk of poverty or social exclusion for people living in towns and suburbs ranged from 28.7-29.1 % in Greece, Bulgaria and Cyprus to 12.8 % in the Netherlands. This situation of a higher rate for households composed of two adults with three or more dependent children than for all households with dependent children was observed in all of the EU Member States except for Estonia and Ireland (2018 data). (��&� -�~Ρ����MF'i���|f�i 5*~J����Ƿ˥��C`U0,q6���xp��.��Z��J-e�$(B� b������u��-rH��U'��4�9�(�(K�B�������W��)b���QqU{�#fi,t�M�D@��a�vlٶ�����G坸��,*KE}�I8A��Lڀ������4šV�+GR ��ﰘm��ѳ�h�RG�"������ r���qL���{dM���?Ӣ��V[��o��%�@o@%���V�R�/25p�= *��f��B&�1�Hj�rbCD)�<=ˮ� b���Y͑�ܱIۼv�g���R+���VwO ��M�j�v����^؃�gXU2�H&5� �E�I=:lг5�n���O��8�'w}+�O����x_*�� x_�^�/�jr1�C����f�B΃�]��`�E�.�vMz��q~f�?�5g #��ޓ��`�c-�Y8A ���G��2�PԄ�zM�`V�*��o�����OH k=�4�?��5��hJ���.�>!�2q9Ҁ��]8�k݀��]��3^� There were notable differences when analysing the risk of poverty or social exclusion by age. (\376\377\000M\000e\000t\000h\000o\000d\000o\000l\000o\000g\000y) 20 0 obj |�#ϵkȡ�u� *n�ytu�v��� Christina Behrendt, 2000. By comparing at-risk-of-poverty rates before and after social transfers, it is possible to make an assessment of the effectiveness of welfare systems (see Figure 9). The data used in this article are primarily derived from EU-SILC. In 2019, the highest risks of poverty or social exclusion in cities were recorded in Italy (29.1 %; 2018 data), Belgium (28.5 %) and Greece (27.3 %), while the lowest rates were in Czechia (11.8 %) and Slovakia (10.9 %). THE UK has the worst poverty rates for the elderly in western Europe and state pensions are to blame, according to a new study. << /S /GoTo /D [42 0 R /Fit] >> For comparison, the share of people in employment who were at risk of poverty or social exclusion was 11.1 %. Among the EU Member States, this rate ranged between 54.4 % in Ireland (2018 data) and 30.0 % in Slovenia. Indeed, the world looks decisively different in Western Europe, where only one country, Romania, has more than 5% of its population living in extreme poverty. Inclusive growth is one of three priorities of the Europe 2020 strategy (the other two concern smart and sustainable growth). Among people who were living on their own in single-person households, persistent at-risk-of-poverty rates were particularly high in the Baltic Member States: 48.0 % in Estonia, 46.3 % in Lithuania and 44.7 % in Latvia. The risk of poverty or social exclusion in the EU-27 was higher for women than for men (22.0 % compared with 20.2 %) in 2019. 29 0 obj While 36 million Americans live below the poverty line, a much smaller percent of Western Europeans struggle with the same problem. Poverty thresholds are usually expressed in terms of purchasing power standards (PPS) in order to make cross-country comparisons easier to interpret; data expressed in PPS (rather than in euros for example) have been adjusted for national differences in price levels as — theoretically — one PPS can buy the same amount of goods and services in each Member State. 38 0 obj For example, in some Member States — predominantly in the. In 2019, 92.4 million people in the EU-27 were at risk of poverty or social exclusion; this was equivalent to 21.1 % of the EU-27 population. The number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion, which may be abbreviated as AROPE, corresponds to the sum of persons who are (i) at risk of poverty (as indicated by their disposable income); and/or (ii) face severe material deprivation (as gauged by their ability to purchase a set of predefined material items); and/or (iii) live in a household with very low work intensity. << /S /GoTo /D (figure.caption.11) >> However, in Czechia, Ireland (2018 data), Cyprus and Luxembourg people living in towns and suburbs faced a higher risk of poverty or social exclusion than people in either of the other degree of urbanisation classes. By Katie Harris PUBLISHED: 14:35, Mon, Aug 19, 2019 Although energy poverty rates are relatively lower in Western Europe, in a number of countries such as France and Germany the gross numbers of energy-poor households are very high. Almost half the women of western Europe married after 25; between 10 and 15 percent did not marry at all. << /S /GoTo /D (figure.caption.11) >> endobj By contrast, the range in the risk of poverty or social exclusion was much greater for rural populations. The corresponding percentage for people with a medium level of educational attainment (ISCED levels 3-4) was 19.7 %. Social protection measures, such as social benefits, are an important means for tackling monetary poverty. Among the different types of household covered in Table 1, one of the lowest risks of poverty or social exclusion was recorded for people living in households composed of two adults with one dependent child — a rate of 15.1 % across the EU-27 in 2019. In order to find this, the researchers posed the following statement to residents of 75 major cities in Europe — "In this city poverty is a problem."

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