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This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial Bor Lango Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. (1976). Malandra, Alfred (1939). the northern regions, this relationship changed. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." The Acholi resisted the establishment of the They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Uganda - Government and society | Britannica Encyclopedia.com. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. With the coming of the ivory Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) When conflict did The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. Luo people - Wikipedia It does not store any personal data. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. Identification. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. T(h)uri Kumam development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". more. (p. 34). In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. PDF CORE - Aggregating the world's open access research papers Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. Politics has been around for millennia. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. before. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help Political organisation - Wikipedia He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among The socio-political and economic organization of the Maasai during the Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Occasional Paper no. Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. "Acholi PDF Publications | International IDEA Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. The Population Geography of Acholi District. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Ocheng, D. O. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. Orientation ACHOLI PEOPLE: THE FAMOUS EAST AFRICAN SPIRITUALLY AND - Blogger Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. Social Control. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". This has continued in various guises ever since. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. 2008. The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. The Vincent (2012). Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda - Unizin It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. Marriage. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. Linguistic Affiliation. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". Political Organization. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". The main point of contact Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Kinship Terminology. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. According to the Encyclopedia.com. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. and tributes paid to them. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. London: Oxford University Press. . families living together in hamlets. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . Location. Dholuo This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. Okot p'Bitek (1971). Orientation //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany Stream and swamp fishing are important. Inheritance. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . authority of a district commissioner. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive "Land Tenure in Acholi." In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a Jur Alur p. 41). Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. Orientation These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this Hunting tracts are owned by clans. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. At its peak in 2005 over Okeny, Kenneth (1982). Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. Acholi form organisation - New Vision Official Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. 2 Bedroom Apartments Under $600 In Phoenix, Articles P
This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial Bor Lango Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. (1976). Malandra, Alfred (1939). the northern regions, this relationship changed. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." The Acholi resisted the establishment of the They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Uganda - Government and society | Britannica Encyclopedia.com. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. With the coming of the ivory Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) When conflict did The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. Luo people - Wikipedia It does not store any personal data. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. Identification. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. T(h)uri Kumam development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". more. (p. 34). In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. PDF CORE - Aggregating the world's open access research papers Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. Politics has been around for millennia. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. before. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help Political organisation - Wikipedia He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among The socio-political and economic organization of the Maasai during the Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Occasional Paper no. Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. "Acholi PDF Publications | International IDEA Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. The Population Geography of Acholi District. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Ocheng, D. O. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. Orientation ACHOLI PEOPLE: THE FAMOUS EAST AFRICAN SPIRITUALLY AND - Blogger Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. Social Control. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". This has continued in various guises ever since. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. 2008. The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. The Vincent (2012). Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda - Unizin It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. Marriage. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. Linguistic Affiliation. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". Political Organization. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". The main point of contact Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Kinship Terminology. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. According to the Encyclopedia.com. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. and tributes paid to them. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. London: Oxford University Press. . families living together in hamlets. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . Location. Dholuo This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. Okot p'Bitek (1971). Orientation //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany Stream and swamp fishing are important. Inheritance. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . authority of a district commissioner. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive "Land Tenure in Acholi." In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a Jur Alur p. 41). Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. Orientation These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this Hunting tracts are owned by clans. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. At its peak in 2005 over Okeny, Kenneth (1982). Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. Acholi form organisation - New Vision Official Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes.

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