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As discussed in Chapter 1, Human Behavior, the average age of aviation students is 34 years old. In the opening scenario, students performed a task (weight and balance computation) as a group, and prior to terminating the performance phase, they were allowed to independently complete the task at least once with supervision and coaching as necessary, In this phase, the instructor judges student performance. VR uses graphics with animation systems, sounds, and images to reproduce electronic versions of real-life experience. This permits effective sorting or categorizing chunks of information in the working or short-term memory. 1 shows the conceptual model of an instructor's work during an SBT session, following the design of our simulator concept. For example, it is better to ask "Why does an aircraft normally require a longer takeoff run at Denver than at New Orleans?" The desired learning outcomes should stem from the objective, Conduct adequate research to become familiar with the topic. In addition, the Certificated Flight Instructor (CFI) needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot who should: Seek proficiency in control of the aircraft. It is a widely accepted belief in the aviation community that test items included as part of a test or evaluation should be both content valid and criterion valid. A model is a copy of a real object. Who trains the trainers? Gamification of flight instructor learning in Communication, discussed in Chapter 3, Effective Communication, underlies people skills. All aviation instructors shoulder an enormous responsibility because their students will ultimately be flying, servicing, or repairing aircraft, but flight instructors have the additional responsibilities of evaluating student pilots and making a decision of when they are ready to solo. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by While it is important to provide hands-on tasks in the lesson plan to engage students in active learning, it is also important to ensure the tasks are completed safely and correctly, In Chapter 2, The Learning Process, learning was defined as "a change in the behavior of the learner as a result of experience. The pilot told the controllers that he would attempt an instrument approach. Unlike other forms of projected material, CDs and DVDs can also be played on a laptop computer, On the other hand, CDs and DVDs offer their own disadvantages. In this case, the responsible instructor needs to establish procedures to make sure the required training is accomplished, since he or she must certify student competency at the end of the course, Models, mock-ups, and cut-aways are additional instructional aids. As noted earlier, a PTS already has many of the elements needed to formulate performance-based objectives. Even airline simulator programs require tailoring and hands-on interaction with a human instructor. By using dynamic and meaningful scenarios, the instructor teaches the student how to gather information and make informed, safe, and timely decisions, Decision-based training is not a new concept. Most projectors are bulky to handle and store, and the projector cooling fan may be noisy, Although vastly different from other projection equipment, the opaque projector reflects light from the surface of the picture or three-dimensional object onto a regular projection screen. The projection angle should be adjusted to eliminate image distortion. An aviation instructor needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot or technician who should: Develop and exercise good judgment in making decisions, Adhere to prudent operating practices and personal operating parameters, and, Adhere to applicable laws and regulations. With advanced tracking features, CAL also can be used to test the students achievement, compare the results with past performance, and indicate the students weak or strong areas, For most aviation training, the computer should be thought of as a valuable instructional aidand entrusting an entire aviation training program to a computer is not practical. Instructors need not refer to another document to evaluate student performance. In addition, e-learning often seems more enjoyable than learning from a regular classroom lecture. The number of students in a class and the existing facilities are other considerations. The established criteria or standards to determine whether the training has been adequate are the passing of knowledge and practical tests required by 14 CFR for the issuance of pilot certificates. First, it will familiarize flight instructors with the FITS program, including its history, objectives, methods, and future goals. By organizing in this manner, the instructor phrases the questions to help the students obtain a firm grasp of the subject matter and to minimize the possibility of a rambling discussion, Plan at least one lead-off question for each desired learning outcome. An interim summary reinforces learning in relation to a specific learning outcome. Consequently, the objective normally is stated at the understanding level of learning. Pilot skill evaluations occur during the conduct of courses at FAA-approved schools, and teaching instructors should verify that learners meet the proficiency requirements prior to sending them for any stage check. Rehearsals, or dry runs, help smooth out the mechanics of using notes, visual aids, and other instructional devices. By being well prepared, an effective instructor presents and applies lesson material, and also periodically assesses how well the learner is learning. Instructors should avoid questions that can be answered by short factual statements or yes or no responses and ask open-ended questions that are thought provoking and require more mental activity. All instructors who use test preparation publications should stress that these materials are not designed as stand-alone learning tools. [Figure 4-19], A more advanced application of computer-based training may involve less instructor control. Since most aviation training is at the understanding level of learning or higher, questions should require students to grasp concepts, explain similarities and differences, and to infer cause-and-effect relationships, Planning a guided discussion is similar to planning a lecture. Meaningful transition from one main point to another keeps the students oriented, aware of where they have been, and where they are going. Networking with and observing other instructors to learn new strategies is also helpful. Numerous studies have attempted to determine how well instructional aids serve this purpose. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by Remember, the computer has no way of knowing when a student is having difficulty, and it will always be the responsibility of the instructor to provide monitoring and oversight of student progress and to intervene when necessary, Real interactivity with CAL means the student is fully engaged with the instruction by doing something meaningful which makes the subject of study come alive. For example, voicerecognition technology, which lets computers accept spoken rather than keyed input, is highly effective for technical training, Miniature electro-optical devices allow computer-aided information to be projected electronically on sunglass-style eye wear which is connected to a lightweight, belt mounted computer. When properly used, they help gain and hold the attention of students. In education, the collaborative problem-solving method combines collaboration with problem solving when the instructor provides a problem to a group who then solves it. This research has revealed that effective instructors come in many forms, but they generally possess four essential teaching skills: people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills. Revisions and alterations are easier to make at that time than after their completion. The most basic stepping stones to be traversed by a student pilot going after a certificate involve figuring out where she or he wants the airplane to go and learning the monkey motion involved in causing it to go there. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. The introduction consists of three elements: attention, motivation, and overview. Instructors will find the following suggestions helpful in planning a discussion lesson. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards, For example, in flight training, content validity is reflected by a particular maneuver closely mimicking a maneuver required in actual flight, such as the student pilot being able to recover from a power-off stall. Less information at first is easier to absorb, By using something the student already knows as the point of departure, the instructor can lead into new ideas and concepts. The instructor also should carefully consider the class size and the depth of the presentation. Those maneuvers requiring repetition may still be taught during concentrated settings. [Figure 4-14] The popularity of simulation games that provide players with complex situations and opportunities to learn have drawn educators into the gaming field as they seek interactive educational games that help students retain subject matter learning, The advantages of simulation/role-playing games come as the student learns new information, develops skills, connects and manipulates information. The instructor must continue to monitor and evaluate the progress of the student as usual. [Figure 4-11] Planning the guided discussion as well as learning how to ask the type of questions used in guided discussions are assets for any aviation instructor, In 1966, the McMaster University School of Medicine in Canada pioneered a new approach to teaching and curriculum design called problem-based learning (PBL). They should be considered as a supplement to instructor-led training, Electronic communications, including use of computer databases, voice mail, e-mail, Internet, World Wide Web, and satellite-based, wireless communications, are routine and this explosion of information access affects aviation training. For example, the instructor in the opening scenario is an aviation maintenance SME, Effective instructors are not only knowledgeable about aviation, they are also knowledgeable about teaching. An AMT uses ADM and risk management skills not only on the job site but also in the repair and maintenance of aircraft, Performance-based and decision-based objectives are also helpful for an instructor designing a lesson plan. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Because these two phases, which involve separate actions, are performed concurrently, they are discussed here under a single heading. An effective instructor never stops learning. A reverse question is a question asked by a learner and the instructor returns the question to the same learner for response. When the instructor points to each part of the model while explaining these relationships, the students can better understand the mechanical principles involved. Some educators believe that television and the film industry have produced a visual culture that has actually changed the way people learn, Passive video, or video that the student watches like a movie, provide motion, color, sound, and in many cases, special effects with advanced graphic and animation techniques. Furthermore, the skill or behavior described should be logical and within the overall instructional plan, Conditions are necessary to specifically explain the rules under which the skill or behavior is demonstrated. Whether working as an individual instructor or employed by a flight or maintenance school, the instructor must ensure that each student accomplishes a number of important benchmarks. The goal might be a certificate of completion, graduation, or an academic degree. The selection of a graph for use in any given situation depends upon the type of information the instructor wants to convey, Charts, diagrams, and graphs can be used effectively to show relationships, chronological changes, distributions, components, and flow. Taking physical or mental flight is a defense mechanism students use when they A. lose interest during the advanced stages of training. As stimuli are received, the individuals sensory register works to sort out the important bits of information from the routine or less significant bits. For example, Bob lectures in the opening scenario, but after giving the students knowledge of how to compute weight and balance, he uses group learning to reinforce the lecture. Whatever type of projected training aid used, it is essential for the content to be current and support the lesson, Use of projected materials requires planning and practice. Many of these items are suitable for long-term use on bulletin boards and in briefing areas. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. Whenever possible, the various parts should be labeled or colored to clarify relationships, Production and equipment costs are limiting factors to consider in developing and using models, mock-ups, and cutaways. If necessary, a public address system can be used to amplify the speakers voice. If, however, a response is desired from a specific individual, a direct question may be asked of that student. While the instructor should have the answer in mind before asking the question, the students need to think about the question before answering. The primary consideration in the lecture method, as in all other teaching methods, is the achievement of desired learning outcomes. The instructor should not, however, use substandard English. The most common types are the line graph and the bar graph. The pure lecture format also inhibits student participation. If necessary, make assignments that give the students an adequate background for discussing the lesson topic. True performance as a professional is based on study and. For example, basic map reading is a perishable skill that should be practiced often. Generally, instructional aids that are relatively simple are best suited for this purpose, In addition to helping students remember important information, instructional aids have other advantages. Upon arrival at the airport the student makes decisions (with guidance and feedback as necessary) to safely enter and fly the traffic pattern, Before the end of the instructional period, the instructor should review what has been covered during the lesson and require the students to demonstrate how well the lesson objectives have been met. For example, if the instructor realizes from puzzled expressions that a number of students fail to grasp an idea, that point can be further elaborated until the reactions of the students indicate they understand. However, once they are learned, they are integrated into more realistic and dynamic flight situations, Decision-based objectives are also important for the aviation instructor planning AMT training. They can focus on the area they either need to study or want to study For example, a maintenance student who wants to find information on the refueling of a specific aircraft could use a CAL program to access the refueling section, and study the entire procedure. All members of the group should follow the discussion. Arrival at point B should be within 5 minutes of planned arrival time and cruise altitude should be maintained within 200 feet during the en route phase of the flight." instead of "Would you expect an aircraft to require a longer takeoff run at Denver or at New Orleans?" The main concern is to gain the attention of everyone and concentrate on the subject. In the intervening years, PBL has helped shift the focus of learning from an instructor-centered approach to a studentcentered approach. In many cases, this type of supplemental training media may be reproduced in a format for projection on a screen or other clear surface, Charts, diagrams, and graphs include any printed material which gives information in tabular form. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by; list all ssis packages in ssisdb catalog a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. The following conditions and controls are useful for cooperative learning, but do not need to be used every time an instructor assigns a group learning project: Clear, complete instructions of what students are to do, in what order, with what materials, and when appropriatewhat students are to do as evidence of their mastery of targeted content and skills, Student perception of targeted objectives as their own, personal objectives, Student access to and comprehension of required information, Recognition and rewards for group success, Time after completion of group tasks for students to systematically reflect upon how they worked together as a team, In practice, cooperative or group learning in aviation training is normally modified to adapt to school policy or for other valid reasons. Powys County Council Housing Repairs, Poshmark Item Stuck On Reserved, Caruso's Reservations, Tim Matheson Wife Elizabeth Marighetto, Articles A
As discussed in Chapter 1, Human Behavior, the average age of aviation students is 34 years old. In the opening scenario, students performed a task (weight and balance computation) as a group, and prior to terminating the performance phase, they were allowed to independently complete the task at least once with supervision and coaching as necessary, In this phase, the instructor judges student performance. VR uses graphics with animation systems, sounds, and images to reproduce electronic versions of real-life experience. This permits effective sorting or categorizing chunks of information in the working or short-term memory. 1 shows the conceptual model of an instructor's work during an SBT session, following the design of our simulator concept. For example, it is better to ask "Why does an aircraft normally require a longer takeoff run at Denver than at New Orleans?" The desired learning outcomes should stem from the objective, Conduct adequate research to become familiar with the topic. In addition, the Certificated Flight Instructor (CFI) needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot who should: Seek proficiency in control of the aircraft. It is a widely accepted belief in the aviation community that test items included as part of a test or evaluation should be both content valid and criterion valid. A model is a copy of a real object. Who trains the trainers? Gamification of flight instructor learning in Communication, discussed in Chapter 3, Effective Communication, underlies people skills. All aviation instructors shoulder an enormous responsibility because their students will ultimately be flying, servicing, or repairing aircraft, but flight instructors have the additional responsibilities of evaluating student pilots and making a decision of when they are ready to solo. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by While it is important to provide hands-on tasks in the lesson plan to engage students in active learning, it is also important to ensure the tasks are completed safely and correctly, In Chapter 2, The Learning Process, learning was defined as "a change in the behavior of the learner as a result of experience. The pilot told the controllers that he would attempt an instrument approach. Unlike other forms of projected material, CDs and DVDs can also be played on a laptop computer, On the other hand, CDs and DVDs offer their own disadvantages. In this case, the responsible instructor needs to establish procedures to make sure the required training is accomplished, since he or she must certify student competency at the end of the course, Models, mock-ups, and cut-aways are additional instructional aids. As noted earlier, a PTS already has many of the elements needed to formulate performance-based objectives. Even airline simulator programs require tailoring and hands-on interaction with a human instructor. By using dynamic and meaningful scenarios, the instructor teaches the student how to gather information and make informed, safe, and timely decisions, Decision-based training is not a new concept. Most projectors are bulky to handle and store, and the projector cooling fan may be noisy, Although vastly different from other projection equipment, the opaque projector reflects light from the surface of the picture or three-dimensional object onto a regular projection screen. The projection angle should be adjusted to eliminate image distortion. An aviation instructor needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot or technician who should: Develop and exercise good judgment in making decisions, Adhere to prudent operating practices and personal operating parameters, and, Adhere to applicable laws and regulations. With advanced tracking features, CAL also can be used to test the students achievement, compare the results with past performance, and indicate the students weak or strong areas, For most aviation training, the computer should be thought of as a valuable instructional aidand entrusting an entire aviation training program to a computer is not practical. Instructors need not refer to another document to evaluate student performance. In addition, e-learning often seems more enjoyable than learning from a regular classroom lecture. The number of students in a class and the existing facilities are other considerations. The established criteria or standards to determine whether the training has been adequate are the passing of knowledge and practical tests required by 14 CFR for the issuance of pilot certificates. First, it will familiarize flight instructors with the FITS program, including its history, objectives, methods, and future goals. By organizing in this manner, the instructor phrases the questions to help the students obtain a firm grasp of the subject matter and to minimize the possibility of a rambling discussion, Plan at least one lead-off question for each desired learning outcome. An interim summary reinforces learning in relation to a specific learning outcome. Consequently, the objective normally is stated at the understanding level of learning. Pilot skill evaluations occur during the conduct of courses at FAA-approved schools, and teaching instructors should verify that learners meet the proficiency requirements prior to sending them for any stage check. Rehearsals, or dry runs, help smooth out the mechanics of using notes, visual aids, and other instructional devices. By being well prepared, an effective instructor presents and applies lesson material, and also periodically assesses how well the learner is learning. Instructors should avoid questions that can be answered by short factual statements or yes or no responses and ask open-ended questions that are thought provoking and require more mental activity. All instructors who use test preparation publications should stress that these materials are not designed as stand-alone learning tools. [Figure 4-19], A more advanced application of computer-based training may involve less instructor control. Since most aviation training is at the understanding level of learning or higher, questions should require students to grasp concepts, explain similarities and differences, and to infer cause-and-effect relationships, Planning a guided discussion is similar to planning a lecture. Meaningful transition from one main point to another keeps the students oriented, aware of where they have been, and where they are going. Networking with and observing other instructors to learn new strategies is also helpful. Numerous studies have attempted to determine how well instructional aids serve this purpose. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by Remember, the computer has no way of knowing when a student is having difficulty, and it will always be the responsibility of the instructor to provide monitoring and oversight of student progress and to intervene when necessary, Real interactivity with CAL means the student is fully engaged with the instruction by doing something meaningful which makes the subject of study come alive. For example, voicerecognition technology, which lets computers accept spoken rather than keyed input, is highly effective for technical training, Miniature electro-optical devices allow computer-aided information to be projected electronically on sunglass-style eye wear which is connected to a lightweight, belt mounted computer. When properly used, they help gain and hold the attention of students. In education, the collaborative problem-solving method combines collaboration with problem solving when the instructor provides a problem to a group who then solves it. This research has revealed that effective instructors come in many forms, but they generally possess four essential teaching skills: people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills. Revisions and alterations are easier to make at that time than after their completion. The most basic stepping stones to be traversed by a student pilot going after a certificate involve figuring out where she or he wants the airplane to go and learning the monkey motion involved in causing it to go there. The teaching process consists of four steps: preparation, presentation, application, and assessment. The introduction consists of three elements: attention, motivation, and overview. Instructors will find the following suggestions helpful in planning a discussion lesson. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards, For example, in flight training, content validity is reflected by a particular maneuver closely mimicking a maneuver required in actual flight, such as the student pilot being able to recover from a power-off stall. Less information at first is easier to absorb, By using something the student already knows as the point of departure, the instructor can lead into new ideas and concepts. The instructor also should carefully consider the class size and the depth of the presentation. Those maneuvers requiring repetition may still be taught during concentrated settings. [Figure 4-14] The popularity of simulation games that provide players with complex situations and opportunities to learn have drawn educators into the gaming field as they seek interactive educational games that help students retain subject matter learning, The advantages of simulation/role-playing games come as the student learns new information, develops skills, connects and manipulates information. The instructor must continue to monitor and evaluate the progress of the student as usual. [Figure 4-11] Planning the guided discussion as well as learning how to ask the type of questions used in guided discussions are assets for any aviation instructor, In 1966, the McMaster University School of Medicine in Canada pioneered a new approach to teaching and curriculum design called problem-based learning (PBL). They should be considered as a supplement to instructor-led training, Electronic communications, including use of computer databases, voice mail, e-mail, Internet, World Wide Web, and satellite-based, wireless communications, are routine and this explosion of information access affects aviation training. For example, the instructor in the opening scenario is an aviation maintenance SME, Effective instructors are not only knowledgeable about aviation, they are also knowledgeable about teaching. An AMT uses ADM and risk management skills not only on the job site but also in the repair and maintenance of aircraft, Performance-based and decision-based objectives are also helpful for an instructor designing a lesson plan. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Because these two phases, which involve separate actions, are performed concurrently, they are discussed here under a single heading. An effective instructor never stops learning. A reverse question is a question asked by a learner and the instructor returns the question to the same learner for response. When the instructor points to each part of the model while explaining these relationships, the students can better understand the mechanical principles involved. Some educators believe that television and the film industry have produced a visual culture that has actually changed the way people learn, Passive video, or video that the student watches like a movie, provide motion, color, sound, and in many cases, special effects with advanced graphic and animation techniques. Furthermore, the skill or behavior described should be logical and within the overall instructional plan, Conditions are necessary to specifically explain the rules under which the skill or behavior is demonstrated. Whether working as an individual instructor or employed by a flight or maintenance school, the instructor must ensure that each student accomplishes a number of important benchmarks. The goal might be a certificate of completion, graduation, or an academic degree. The selection of a graph for use in any given situation depends upon the type of information the instructor wants to convey, Charts, diagrams, and graphs can be used effectively to show relationships, chronological changes, distributions, components, and flow. Taking physical or mental flight is a defense mechanism students use when they A. lose interest during the advanced stages of training. As stimuli are received, the individuals sensory register works to sort out the important bits of information from the routine or less significant bits. For example, Bob lectures in the opening scenario, but after giving the students knowledge of how to compute weight and balance, he uses group learning to reinforce the lecture. Whatever type of projected training aid used, it is essential for the content to be current and support the lesson, Use of projected materials requires planning and practice. Many of these items are suitable for long-term use on bulletin boards and in briefing areas. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. Whenever possible, the various parts should be labeled or colored to clarify relationships, Production and equipment costs are limiting factors to consider in developing and using models, mock-ups, and cutaways. If necessary, a public address system can be used to amplify the speakers voice. If, however, a response is desired from a specific individual, a direct question may be asked of that student. While the instructor should have the answer in mind before asking the question, the students need to think about the question before answering. The primary consideration in the lecture method, as in all other teaching methods, is the achievement of desired learning outcomes. The instructor should not, however, use substandard English. The most common types are the line graph and the bar graph. The pure lecture format also inhibits student participation. If necessary, make assignments that give the students an adequate background for discussing the lesson topic. True performance as a professional is based on study and. For example, basic map reading is a perishable skill that should be practiced often. Generally, instructional aids that are relatively simple are best suited for this purpose, In addition to helping students remember important information, instructional aids have other advantages. Upon arrival at the airport the student makes decisions (with guidance and feedback as necessary) to safely enter and fly the traffic pattern, Before the end of the instructional period, the instructor should review what has been covered during the lesson and require the students to demonstrate how well the lesson objectives have been met. For example, if the instructor realizes from puzzled expressions that a number of students fail to grasp an idea, that point can be further elaborated until the reactions of the students indicate they understand. However, once they are learned, they are integrated into more realistic and dynamic flight situations, Decision-based objectives are also important for the aviation instructor planning AMT training. They can focus on the area they either need to study or want to study For example, a maintenance student who wants to find information on the refueling of a specific aircraft could use a CAL program to access the refueling section, and study the entire procedure. All members of the group should follow the discussion. Arrival at point B should be within 5 minutes of planned arrival time and cruise altitude should be maintained within 200 feet during the en route phase of the flight." instead of "Would you expect an aircraft to require a longer takeoff run at Denver or at New Orleans?" The main concern is to gain the attention of everyone and concentrate on the subject. In the intervening years, PBL has helped shift the focus of learning from an instructor-centered approach to a studentcentered approach. In many cases, this type of supplemental training media may be reproduced in a format for projection on a screen or other clear surface, Charts, diagrams, and graphs include any printed material which gives information in tabular form. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by; list all ssis packages in ssisdb catalog a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. The following conditions and controls are useful for cooperative learning, but do not need to be used every time an instructor assigns a group learning project: Clear, complete instructions of what students are to do, in what order, with what materials, and when appropriatewhat students are to do as evidence of their mastery of targeted content and skills, Student perception of targeted objectives as their own, personal objectives, Student access to and comprehension of required information, Recognition and rewards for group success, Time after completion of group tasks for students to systematically reflect upon how they worked together as a team, In practice, cooperative or group learning in aviation training is normally modified to adapt to school policy or for other valid reasons.

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a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by