https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.132530, Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee I-M, Christen W, Bassuk SS, Mora S, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in children progressing to autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes. Vitamin D deficiency is a common global issue. This is due to local inhibition of nuclear factor-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines involved in the lung inflammatory process and extravascular leaking, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-8. 2013;14:3141. Investigating cancer incidence following vitamin D plus calcium supplementation, Lappe et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Standardizing 25-hydroxyvitamin D values from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. J Am Heart Assoc. These data are consistent with previous work on the topic [82]. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601275. Why secondary analyses in vitamin d clinical trials are important and how to improve vitamin d clinical trial outcome analysesa comment on Extra-Skeletal Effects of Vitamin D, Nutrients 2019, 11, 1460. Vitamin D supplementation as a strategy for preventing cancer was considered, as results from several observational studies suggested an association between vitamin D deficiency and risk for several types of cancer [87]. Vieth R, Cole DE, Hawker GA, Trang HM, Rubin LA. Eat more mushrooms. Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortalityA review of recent evidence. If level 25-30 ng. In some cases, hypercalcemia was associated with drinking vitamin D-fortified milk, revealing a fortification of up to 232,565IU instead of standard 400IU/quart, and consequently, prohibition of milk fortification [49]. Rodrigues MRK, Lima SAM, Mazeto GMFDSS, Calderon IMP, Magalhes CG, Ferraz GAR. Effect of high-dose vitamin D3 on hospital length of stay in critically Ill patients with vitamin D deficiency: the VITdAL-ICU randomized clinical trial. N Engl J Med. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.080663. 2013;12:97689. N. Engl J Med. A range of below 75nmol/L (or 30ng/ml) of serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration is considered vitamin D deficiency by most authors [11, 12]. Maternal serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring. All papers were then exchanged and discussed among authors by e-mail. Vitamin D is indirectly produced by sunlight. Moreover, the large amount of observational data currently available are also accompanied by pathophysiological associations of vitamin D with energy homeostasis, and regulation of the immune and endocrine systems [5]. N. Engl J Med. 2016;104:62937. Distribution of vitamin D status in the UK: a cross-sectional analysis Diabetologia. They are no longer recommended because of the higher risk of adverse effects (falls and fractures) associated with them [26]. It cannot be emphasized enough that various vitamin D metabolites with a very different efficacy, half-life, and risk of toxicity exist. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2175, Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, et al. Vitamin D deficiency may be more common in people with higher skin melanin content (darker skin) and who wear clothing with extensive skin coverage, particularly in Middle Eastern countries. The detrimental effects of vitamin D deficiency on the musculoskeletal system were the first visible mode of action that was attributed to vitamin D (i.e., rickets in children). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Africa: a systematic review and Recent large observational. Berlanga-Taylor AJ, Leclair TR, Zakai N, Bunn JY, Gianni M, Heyland DK, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. This may be attributed to limitations in trial design, as most studies did not meet the basic requirements of a nutrient intervention study, including vitamin D-replete populations, too small sample sizes, and inconsistent intervention methods regarding dose and metabolites. Public health efforts to prevent severe vitamin D deficiency should therefore be further promoted. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2704, EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products N, Allergies. PMID: 30721133 DOI: 10.1530/EJE-18-0736 Calcinosis / blood Calcinosis / epidemiology Dietary Supplements* Europe / epidemiology Humans Middle East / epidemiology Societies, Medical / standards* Vitamin D / administration & dosage Vitamin D / analogs & derivatives* Vitamin D / blood Vitamin D Deficiency / blood* Vitamin D Deficiency / epidemiology* e-pub ahead of print 2005/12/15. 2008;87:19528. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011564, Pludowski P, Holick MF, Pilz S, Wagner CL, Hollis BW, Grant WB, et al. Feeding animals might represent an additional source of vitamin D without compromising product quality. Association of vitamin d with insulin resistance and -Cell dysfunction in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes. In sunny countries where rickets occurs among older toddlers and children, the rickets has been attributed to low dietary calcium intakes. Breast cancer risk markedly lower with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations 60 vs <20 ng/ml (150 vs 50nmol/L): Pooled analysis of two randomized trials and a prospective cohort. VIOLET randomized patients with 25(OH)D levels below 50nmol/L (or 20ng/ml) at risk for ARDS to one single high dose of vitamin D3 (540,000IU), and evaluated its effect on the primary outcome: 90-day mortality. We aim to compare the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among older adults (65+) in China and the United States (US). 2011;96:191130. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-01108, Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour J-P, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, et al. Can J Public Health. Fatty fish and seafood are among the foods highest in vitamin D, though exact vitamin content may vary depending on the type and source of the food in question. BMJ Open. Rickets was . However, this level was set despite the availability of adequate studies of doseresponse relationships or toxicity. Investigating prenatal vitamin D exposure of the fetus, a lower gestational 25(OH)D level [98] or avoiding vitamin D-fortified food [99] was significantly associated with higher risk of developing T1DM. et al. Vitamin D supplementation in older people (VDOP): Study protocol for a randomised controlled intervention trial with monthly oral dosing with 12,000 IU, 24,000 IU or 48,000 IU of vitamin D3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2017.03.008. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-019-01056-z, Scragg R, Stewart AW, Waayer D, Lawes CMM, Toop L, Sluyter J, et al. Int J Epidemiol. Vitamin D deficiency - Wikipedia 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.08.015. Recommendations differ in many countries, and range from 400 to 2000IU daily [11]. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its associated risk factors Many other countries around the world and some professional societies have somewhat different guidelines for vitamin D intakes . ClinicalTrials.gov; 2012. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01745263. Martucci G, McNally D, Parekh D, Zajic P, Tuzzolino F, Arcadipane A. et al. Significant benefits have already been shown in adults and children with asthma, and for the prevention of respiratory tract infections, particularly in severe vitamin D deficiency. However, as in most other populations, the most important question remains unanswered: whether low vitamin D is an innocent bystander, simply reflecting greater disease severity, or represents an independent and modifiable risk factor amenable to rapid normalization through loading dose supplementation [24, 25]. Calcif Tissue Int. Crit Care. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0175. Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D is also implicated in the reduction of oxidative stress by inhibiting anti-protease activity, and acting on the nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2, a transcriptional regulator of most antioxidant genes. Amrein, K., Scherkl, M., Hoffmann, M. et al. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011183. The association between Serum 25(OH)D status and blood pressure in participants of a community-based program taking vitamin D supplements. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.2402, Rosendahl J, Valkama S, Holmlund-Suila E, Enlund-Cerullo M, Hauta-alus H, Helve O, et al. Consequently, many authors have dismissed a role of vitamin D on important clinical outcomes, and suggested that vitamin D may be more an associative than a causal factor in acute and chronic disease. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with vascular dysfunction, arterial stiffening, left ventricular hypertrophy, and hyperlipidemia . Vitamin D Status in Central Europe - PMC - National Center for https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2653. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.006802, Thompson BT. This is characteristic of cereal-based diets with limited access to dairy products. The list of B12 deficiency symptoms is long and may surprise you. Effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on vitamin D status and cathelicidin levels in sepsis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Autoimmun Rev. JAMA. With the exception of critical care, bolus doses with long dosing intervals are not used. Currently, there is no international consensus on the optimal level for vitamin D supplementation. 2019;9:e031083. By using the above-mentioned recommended vitamin D supplementation levels, there is no need to monitor serum or urinary calcium or renal function [35, 36]. Prevalence rates of severe vitamin D deficiency, defined as 25(OH)D <30nmol/L (or 12ng/ml), of 5.9% (US) [18], 7.4% (Canada) [19], and 13% (Europe) [2] have been reported. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.120873, Article Dong J-Y, Zhang W, Chen JJ, Zhang Z-L, Han S-F, Qin L-Q. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.022. Currently, no causal treatment is available, but avoidance of a high-calcium diet, UV-B exposure, and vitamin D or calcium supplements is advised. Vitamin D is both a nutrient we eat and a hormone our bodies make. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Akbari S, Khodadadi B, Ahmadi SAY, Abbaszadeh S, Shahsavar F. Association of vitamin D level and vitamin D deficiency with risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis. Vitamin D status, enterovirus infection, and type 1 diabetes in Italian children/adolescents. Rak K, Bronkowska M. Immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D and its potential role in the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitusa narrative review.

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