[42] Entitled 'Contribution to the Understanding of a Child's Soul', it shows her in more Freudian mode than her previous papers. She lectured and did clinical work, but her most renowned work there was her treatment of Jean Piaget in 1921 as his analyst for eight months. [3]:65 While at school, she resolved to go abroad to train as a doctor, with the approval of her rabbinic grandfather. Sabina Nikolayevna Spielrein Birth: 1885 Death: 1942 Training Location (s): MD, University of Zurich (1911) Primary Affiliation (s): Rousseau Institute (1920-1923) First Moscow University and Moscow Psychoanalytic Institute (1923-1942) Other Media: Sabina Spielrein in Jewish Women's Archive Excerpts from letters to Carl Jung Profile in French Shortly after World War I broke out, Spielrein was back in Switzerland. Then our pure friendship would be destroyed by the intimate relationship, and our friendship is what is so terribly dear to me. Jung was second in command at Europe's most prestigious mental institution, the Burghlzli in Zurich. Carotenuto, Spielrein played a central role in Jungs theory of transference [70], Berne saw sexual acts as gratifying mortido at the same time as libido; and recognised that on occasion the former becomes more important sexually than the latter, as in sadomasochism and destructive emotional relationships. A young man of the 'people' says to me: man is polygamous until he can find a woman he can truly love; then he becomes monogamous (short, transitory attractions excluded, of course). At the age of twelve, she started studying Latin and voice. Its interest however resides in the fact that her idea of a death drive derives from her analysis with Jung. Kerr, John. One can only hope that more of her story will be discovered and that more research will focus on the work that Spielrein did personally. In 1933, he conceived of his original formulation of the death drive 'the improbability of our speculations. dissertation, which focused on a female patient suffering from a diagnosis of Stillpoint Magazine holds copyright to all additional images, branding, design and supplementary texts across stillpointmag.org as well as in additional social media profiles, digital platforms and print materials. Jung Love: Sabina Spielrein, a forgotten pioneer of psychoanalysis [62], However, Freud himself favoured neither term mortido or destrudo. Sigmund Freud elaborated on an earlier concept by Sabrina Spielrein: "death drive". Her death was a result of the early stages of the Holocaust. Einige kleine Mitteilungen aus dem Kinderleben.Zeitschrift fr Psychoanalytische Pdagogik(1923) 2:9599. Spielrein became the first patient of Carl Jung, ten years her senior, who treated her until her discharge on June 1, 1905. intersubjective, collective aspect. Sabina Spielrein's Death Drive, Queer Experience, and Psychoanalytic [8] She did however manage to publish two more short papers during the war years. Following the sudden death of her only sister Emilia from typhoid, Spielrein's mental health started to deteriorate, and at the age of 18 she suffered a breakdown with severe hysteria including tics, grimaces, and uncontrollable laughing and crying. She was also very precocious. Spielrein met with Freud on a number of occasions in 1912, and continued to correspond with him until 1923. The death drive opposes Eros, the tendency toward survival, propagation, sex, and other creative, life-producing drives. Spielrein determined that instinctual life was based on two instinctsthe life instinct and the death instinctwhich were opposed to each other. She was also connected with both Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. Psychoanalytic Association. At the end of her schooling she was awarded a gold medal. Within the world of psychoanalysis, Spielrein is usually given no more than a footnote, for her conception of the sexual drive as containing both an instinct of destruction and an instinct of transformation, hence anticipating both Freud's "death drive" and Jung's views on "transformation";[58] Her mother Eva (born Khave) Lublinskaya was the daughter and granddaughter of rabbis from Yekaterinoslav. Lance S. Owens, Jung in Love: The Mysterium in Liber Novus (Gnosis Archive Books, 2015), 27-35. As Hall writes: In 1942, together with both her daughters, Spielrein was shot as a Jew by Germans. Sometimes, destruction cannot be redeemed. Artistic images were seen by Joseph Campbell in terms of "incestuous 'libido' and patricidal 'destrudo'";[56] while literary descriptions of the conflict between destrudo and libido[57] are still fairly widespread in the 21st century. Verdrangte Munderotik.Internationale Zeitschrift fr rztliche Psychoanalyse(1920) 6:361362. You will find the same idea in Ibsen, in Nora for example. Pastoral Psychology, 64 (2), 241-258. [36], Freud applied his new theoretical construct in Civilization and Its Discontents (1930) to the difficulties inherent in Western civilizationindeed, in civilization and in social life as a whole. According to It was published in 1911 as the lead paper in theJahrbuch der Psychoanalyse,which was edited by Jung. [11] Spielrein is increasingly recognized as an important and innovative thinker who was marginalized in history because of her unusual eclecticism, refusal to join factions, feminist approach to psychology, and her murder in the Holocaust.[7][12]. Her story has not only been largely forgotten, but actively (though unconsciously) repressed as the figure who represented a trauma buried in the early history of psychoanalysis. formulation of the death instinct. Her tragic murder in the Holocaust compounded this erasure. [8]:178[24] John Launer has reviewed the evidence from her diaries and their letters in his 2015 biography of Spielrein, Sex Versus Survival. However, after she became engaged to a Christian, her father arranged the marriage with Spielreins father, who was Jewish. The instinct is then called the destructive instinct, the instinct for mastery, or the will to power",[30] a perhaps much more recognisable set of manifestations. What has so often been overlooked in this careful detailing of the disavowed, scandalous history of early psychoanalysis is Spielrein as a pioneer of the field in her own right: Spielrein published more than thirty essays on psychoanalysis in her lifetime and was a successful analyst to many in Europe and her native Russia. Nevertheless, his belief in "the death instinct [as] a return to an earlier state into an inorganic state"[47] continued to the end. There is therefore no further need to have recourse to the outworn notion of primordial masochism in order to understand the reason for the repetitive games in his Fort! primary sources and their carefully-wrought arguments seriously, then yes: Spielrein Spielrein then moved to Geneva for work at the Jean-Jacques Rousseau Institute, where she spent her last three years in Switzerland. Born into a Russian Jewish family, she was. A Dangerous Method - Wikipedia Sabina Spielrein: Forgotten Pioneer of Psychoanalysis. Website developed and hosted by Sean Hayford Oleary Design. On her arrival in Moscow, she found herself the most experienced psychoanalyst there, as well as one of the most closely connected with analysts and psychologists in the west. Do you need examples from history? Despite her closeness to the central figures of both psychoanalysis and developmental psychology in the first part of the twentieth century, Spielrein was more or less forgotten in Western Europe after her departure for Moscow in 1923. "[17][18], The third problem came from clinical practice. She faced many obstacles, both because she was a woman working in a predominantly male profession and because she was Jewish during a period of violent antisemitism. and on the position of the early women analysts while Coline Covington discusses the influence on analytical theory of Spielrein's original ideas on the death instinct, on oral sadism and on the roots of aggression . [20][38] She delivered her paper to the Society on 27 November as "Destruction as the Cause of Coming into Being", publishing an amended version the following year in the Jahrbuch. But for the purposes of this short essay, [17] Later, he referred to her twice in letters to Freud as his first analytic case, although in his publications he referred to two later patients in these terms. She suffered from multiple somatic symptoms and obsessions. Lothane summarizes his conclusions: People tend to believe as dictated by their own emotions, projections, and transferences. Her discoveries had a significant impact on theories that Jung and Freud developed. She deepened both Jung and Freuds understanding of transference and countertransference. The publication in 1974, of the correspondence between Freud and Jung,[28] followed by the discovery of her personal papers and publication of some of them from the 1980s onwards,[2][3] made her name quite widely known. Kelcourse, F. (2014;2015;). Tiersymbolik and Phobie bei einem Knaben.Internationale Zeitschrift fr rztliche Psychoanalyse(1914) 2:375377. Briefmarkentraum.Internationale Zeitschrift fr rztliche Psychoanalyse,(1922) 8:342343. New York: Vintage, 1993. At the same time, she became director of the child psychology department at the First Moscow University and served as pedagogical doctor at the Third International, a kind of childrens village. Although he had returned earlier, they had been separated for several years. "The Power that Beautifies and Destroys": Sabina Spielrein and relationship was also instrumental in the eventual break between Jung and 3, pp. Die usserungen des Oedipuskomplexes im Kindersalter.Internationale Zeitschrift fr rztliche Psychoanalyse(1916)1:4448. She attended a Froebel school followed by the Yekaterinskaya Gymnasium in Rostov, where she excelled in science, music and languages. On her birth certificate, Sabina appeared as Sheyve Naftulovna,[13] but throughout her life and on official documents she used the name Sabina Nikolayevna. Sabina Spielrein (1885-1942) was a first-generation psychoanalytic pioneer whose collected works, available in German since 1987, have only recently been rediscovered by English-speaking scholars. [3] :92 Spielrein also wrote to Freud, making it clear that, for a few months, their relationship had been in some fashion physical, it had involved what Spielrein again called "poetry": "In the end the unavoidable happenedit reached the point where he could no longer stand it and wanted 'poetry'. This episode had a dramatic effect on Spielrein. Spielrein was the first woman to write a psychoanalytic dissertation. [28] :20735 He sent a series of letters to Spielrein's mother, writing "no one can prevent two friends from doing as they wishthe likelihood is that something more may enter the relationship". [22] In Freud's own words, "What follows is speculation, often far-fetched speculation, which the reader will consider or dismiss according to his individual predilection". [3]:122 The relationship between Jung and Spielrein demonstrated to Freud that a therapist's emotions and humanity could not be kept out of the psychoanalytic relationship. Her study, Concerning the Psychological Content of a Case of Schizophrenia, was the first dissertation written by a woman that was psychoanalytically oriented. Spielrein was a pioneer of psychoanalysis and one of the first to introduce the concept of the death instinct. Neighbors saw her being herded with other Jews, including Eva and Renata, toward the Snake Ravine (Zmieva Balka) just outside the city, where men of Einsatzkommando 10a from Einsatzgruppe D killed them. During this period, Spielrein and Jung were not urgent today. The war years were times of privation for Spielrein: she did some work as a surgeon and in an eye clinic, but also received contributions from her parents when they could get these to her. Schnellanalyse einer kindlichen Phobie.Internationale Zeitschrift fr rztliche Psychoanalyse(1921) 7:473474. Perhaps we should not In 1912 Spielrein married the Russian Jewish physician Pavel Nahumovitch Sheftel. From a philosophical perspective, the death drive may be viewed in relation to the work of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. In 1922, she and Piaget both delivered papers at the seventh congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association in Berlin. Spielrein published thirty psychoanalytic papers in French and German. He challenges the presumption that Jung psychoanalyzed Spielrein in any systematic way, reciprocated her feelings for long, saw her as his 'anima', or regarded her as a more significant figure than his other female partners of the time. The death drive is sometimes referred to as "Thanatos" in post-Freudian thought, complementing "Eros", although this term was not used in Freud's own work, being rather introduced by Wilhelm Stekel in 1909 and then by Paul Federn in the present context. She composed music, and considered becoming a composer. [30], This personal diary entry from late-1910 strongly suggests that Spielrein realized that even if they were to finally have sexual relations, she might not get pregnant. Freud supposed the sexual drive and death drive to be the two forces deriving from one and the same pleasure principle, therefore, unlike Spielrein, he does not hold them to be contradictory. Jung had been greatly impressed by some of Freuds innovative techniques and writings, and applied them to his treatment of Spielrein. Commissioner for Human Rights) there was discoveredby whom, the record does That August, 19-year-old Sabina Spielrein was brought to his emergency. Sabina Spielrein from Rostov to Zrich: The Making of an Analyst. [23] Seeking a new instinctual paradigm for such problematic repetition, he found it ultimately in "an urge in organic life to restore an earlier state of things"[24]the inorganic state from which life originally emerged. Indeed, the entire household communicated in a different language every day of the week, moving between German, French, English, and Russian. However, it led to her identification in popular culture as an erotic sideshow in the lives of the two men. A wish for self-injury, a joy in pain, is, however, thoroughly incomprehensible if we believe merely in the existence of an ego that only desires pleasure. A decade later, Freud would take much the same critical line in relation to his own system. The parents, who were extremely strict, forced the children to endure an extremely harsh upbringing: her father tyrannized the household; her mother beat the children severely. Sabina Spielrein - Love, death and transformation Initially, both Jung and Freud thought Spielrein was the origin of the scandal as an act of revenge against Jung for ending their relationship. Sabina Spielrein: A Forgotten Pioneer | Psychology Today The archive remains in the possession of the heirs of douard Claparde, and although further selections have been published in a number of books and journals, it has never been fully examined or catalogued. [7]:537 The strong feelings she had developed towards him as his hospital patient continued during her first three years at medical school, and she developed a fantasy of having a child with him to be called Siegfried. . She was born in 1885 into a wealthy Jewish family in Rostov-on-Don, Russian Empire. She later obtained her doctorate and published the first psychoanalytically oriented dissertation written by a woman. She also attended his ward rounds and met him socially. In 1937 her brothers Isaac, Jan and Emil Spielrein were arrested, and executed in 1937 and 1938 during the Great Purge. The accusations were possibly made in response to attempts by Leon Trotsky to proletarianize the school's intake[6] :214 During Spielrein's time in Moscow, both Alexander Luria and Lev Vygotsky came to work at the Psychoanalytic Institute and "Dyetski Dom" and studied with her. [22] It was also the first dissertation written by a woman that was psychoanalytically oriented. While at medical school, Spielrein continued to assist Jung in the laboratory as she had done as an in-patient. Share Her Story: Dr. Sabina Spielrein - Fielding Graduate University Ein unbewusster Richterspruch.Internationale Zeitschrift fr rztliche Psychoanalyse(1915) 3:350. [9][10] The paper shows evidence of both Jungian and Freudian thought, but appears to mark the point at which she moved from identifying herself with Jung to seeing herself as more of a Freudian. Sabina Spielrein fell deeply in love with Jung during her treatment, a love that she knew must remain secret due to his marriage and the ethics of his profession. In recent years, however, Spielrein has been increasingly recognized as a significant thinker in her own right, influencing not only Jung, Freud and Melanie Klein, but also later psychologists including Jean Piaget, Alexander Luria and Lev Vygotsky. In her diary entry on 11 September 1910 Spielrein writes of My opinion changed a great deal from the time I received that first letter from you". 31 December 1999. languished for forty years. Sabina Spielrein: The Woman and the Myth Angela M Sells 4.00 14 ratings4 reviews Gold Medalist - 2017 Foreword INDIES Book of the Year Award in the Psychology category Explores the life and work of psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein through a feminist and mytho-poetic lens. [34], However, as Freud put it to the imagined auditors of his New Introductory Lectures (1932), "You may perhaps shrug your shoulders and say: "That isn't natural science, it's Schopenhauer's philosophy!" Spielrein's main focus while in medical school was on psychiatry. Das Schwache Weib.Internationale Zeitschrift fr rztliche Psychoanalyse(1920) 6:158. clung to his lips, swooning with love That he loves me is certain, but there [7] :222 The school had to close in 1924, in the wake of accusations of experiments to stimulate the children's sexuality prematurely. Help us elevate the voices of Jewish women. Spielrein opens the essay and writes: Throughout my involvement with sexual problems, one question has especially interested me: Why does this most powerful drive, the reproductive instinct, harbour negative feelings in addition to the inherently anticipated positive feelings? From these suggestive lines, she goes on to weave a tapestry through which she explores the negative element of libido (including, but not limited to, sexuality): the death instinct. Her diaries and letters were unearthed in Geneva in the 1980s, but what we know comes largely from a book published in 1994 that brought her relationship with Carl Jung to the mainstream, since she was his first patient, diagnosed with hysteria when she was 19 years old. instinctinsofar as it places destruction as a stage and motor in Unable to earn a living in Vienna, she returned to Berlin. [19], Spielrein completed her medical school dissertation, supervised first by Bleuler then by Jung, a close study of the language of a patient with schizophrenia. Carotenuto, Aldo. She became the first patient of Carl Jung after being admitted to a psychiatric clinic in Zurich in 1904 and had an affair with Jung. Sabina Spielrein (played by Keira Knightley) was dropped off at the Burghlzli Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich by her uncle and a medical police officer at 10.30pm on 17 August 1904. Cooper-White notes that the concept Spielrein outlines is very different from what either Freud or Jung would eventually propose. I choose to believe them, and not out of prudery, but because in those days people saw premarital sexual relations, especially as applies to Spielrein, differently than we do today; moreover, because unconsummated sexual desire was even more poignant and more romantic than consummated sex. She also wrote part of a novel and wrote theater criticism for theJournal de Genve,but she was unable to make an adequate living. Spielreins maternal grandfather and great-grandfather were both rabbis. Episode 93: Alice Shalvi: Israeli Feminist Pioneer. One of these was an account of children's beliefs about sex and reproduction, in which she included recollections of her own early fantasies about this. And having taken that step, "our pure friendship would be destroyed by the intimate relationship." Written shortly before her departure from Zrich, those words seemingly imply that whatever the nature of their physical "poetry", Jung and Spielrein had not engaged in sexual intercourse. In the records at Burgholzli Hospital on his treatment of Spielrein, Jung wrote an entry in his own handwriting on January 29, 1905. Spielrein has been considered by some as the model for Jungs concept of the anima.

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