Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. The previous chapter discussed curriculum and how the content of schooling is closely associated with the social construction of what various groups (teachers, school administrators, parents) think children should be taught. This is a community-based school that offers mentoring to marginalized children and youth. Socialization The The first zone is called the core. School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. Beattie (2004) also did research on an alternative school in Toronto called the Corktown Community High School. What are the rationales behind the proposed solutions? Such reading materials functioned as a type of social or cultural capital within their groups of friends. Alberta Education. Brint (1998) identifies three major zones of socialization within classrooms (see Figure 6.2). In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). What were the characteristics of unpopular students. What happens if teachers behave in ways that violate norms of morality? Rules that students opposed were those that seemed pointless and arbitrary, particularly those around dress codes (Raby 2005). Examples Socialization in the Schooling Process Sociology of Education They have good self-esteem and are likely to display fewer behavior problems than do other children. While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. Bourdieus theory of cultural capital (see Cultural Reproduction in Chapter 2) addresses this type of acculturation, stating that teachers regard certain types of outlooks and student styles as more desirable than others and for students to succeed they need to conform to the cultural practices of the dominant social and cultural class. Some schools encourage active citizenship wherein students participate in creating and modifying schools codes of conduct, and other aspects of their schooling, including course content. Illustrate how peer groups contribute to the social identity of students. Many children arrive at school with behavioural problems and emotional needs that are not met in the family environment. This may severely limit their future ability of getting admitted to post-secondary training that leads to higher paying jobs with high status (Krahn and Taylor 2001). They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. Rather than committing acts of physical violence toward each other, girls are much more likely to participate in covert acts of aggression such as spreading rumours and excluding individuals from their social group. Apple (2000) argues that home schoolers not only remove children from school, but also have gone so far as to isolate themselves into separate factions. Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. Homeschool Socialization: How to Keep Your Child Connected The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. As noted by Reinke and Herman (2002), schools tend to have personalities of their own. WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). Agents of socialization are the social structures in which socialization occurs. Want to create or adapt books like this? The next section addresses the techniques that are used within schools to socialize children into being desirable students. Peer-rejected children often display social skills that make them undesirable playmates and friends to other children. Describe how school rules, codes of conduct, and dress codes impact on the socialization of students. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. Martino and Kehler (2006, 2007) have argued that such demands for male teachers to fix the problem of boys underachievement is actually a subtle ploy to re-traditionalize schools using a strategy of normalizing hegemonic masculinities (discussed in Chapter 2). Students who are less academically inclined are put into classes that better match their abilities and interests, like vocational training. Willis (1977; see Chapter 2) argued that working-class boys resisted the values and behaviours promoted in the school environment by acting in deviant ways: by fighting and skipping class. These play a foundational role in socialization, particularly through schools.Modern video games are often a social environment whereby you may play with others and communicate. This group tended to care the least about schoolwork and did not participate in extracurricular activities. Until the 1990s, males had been outperforming females on standardized testing in most countries around the world. Girls who were verbally abused by teachers during childhood were also less likely to finish high school (Brendgen et al. According to Cohen (1972), individuals (or groups of individuals), events, or conditions are perceived as jeopardizing wider societal values and interests. What are some examples of streaming? Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). Such outcomes suggest that the home schooled adults who answered the survey did not suffer from barriers due to socialization problems. They found that the young adults who had been home schooled had higher academic attainment in young adulthood than the average population. 2010). As well, children who cannot engage themselves with the material being taught in the classroom may turn to disruption of peers due to boredom and frustration. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? The following are illustrative examples of socializing. WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. When a student enters high school, the courses that he or she takes greatly influence the post-secondary options available to him or her upon graduation. What concerns do critics of home schooling have about the socialization of home schooled children? But curriculum is just one aspect. Children who are accepted by their peers tend to have a more safe school environment, while those who have been rejected by their peers are at a greater risk of targeted harassment and bullying (Wentzel and Looney 2006). However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. Such instances spark debate around the role of schools in promoting particular social values. Raby (2005) further argues that school codes of conduct reflect middle-class, often White, and rather gendered values. Recognizing that such negative peer interactions can have a profound impact on childhood socialization and later-life well-being (Canadian Council on Learning 2008), many schools have adopted strict anti-bullying policies that are incorporated into their school rules. 2003. http://www.education.alberta.ca/media/645805/srhelapofs.pdf pp. This act supplanted the Education Act (Section 23), which previously allowed only principals to suspend students and school boards to expel students. If students believe that their teacher has lower expectations of them, this can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy of low achievement. As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). Abuse of students by teachers is a rare occurrence, but when it does happen there are children who are at a greater risk of being victimized.10 In terms of victims of verbal abuse by teachers, these children are more likely to be boys and to display at risk characteristics early on (i.e., from kindergarten), such as antisocial behaviours, and have attention problems (particularly boys). As noted by Raby (2005), the language of school codes of conduct suggests that young people are seen to be incomplete, at risk, and in need of guidance, a position that legitimizes school rules and their enforcement (p. 73). 2007; Sokal 2010) or other English-speaking nations (see Allan 1993; Butler and Christensen 2003; Carrington and Skelton 2003; Carrington, Tymms, and Merrell 2008; Martin 2003). Students academic abilities are identified early in their academic career through the grades they receive. Opponents of streaming note that those from disadvantaged and working-class backgrounds are disproportionately found in the vocational stream (Cheung 2007; Davies and Guppy 2006). The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). Warm and supportive teachers and a positive school climate are crucial for the positive social development of children, and the absence of such can have long-term detrimental effects on students, particularly if they have family problems. Policy in which specific code infractions result in immediate punishment, usually in the form of suspension or expulsion, and sometimes involving the police. This curriculum is intended as preparation for calculus at the university level.. Benefits. The majority of these codes tend to focus on issues surrounding dress codes and behaviour toward other students, teachers, and staff, while some include zero tolerance policies. Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. Child victims also report having recurring memories of the abuse (Sharp 1995) and being afraid to seek help (Slee 1994; Smith and Myron- Wilson 1998). Box 6.4 Alternative Approaches to School Rules. This is particularly striking because these differences in self-concept about abilities in math and science exist in studies even when there is no difference between the grades of males and females. She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. She notes that while dress code infractions for girls typically are focused on body containment (e.g., showing too much cleavage), for boys it is about containing ethnic or racial identities. This type of socialization is accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. All three dimensions refer to a type of conformity that identifies an ideal that students are expected to emulate. Clubs, Fraternities, and Sororities. The OHRC also found that racial minority students were also disproportionately represented among those who had been disciplined with suspensions and expulsions under the act. The outrage that followed the display by the Winnipeg teachers strongly supports the idea that teachers are implicit moral role models. In this chapter, the complex role of socialization within schools was introduced. In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). Identify how the role of the family differs from the role of the school in the socialization process. For females, clothes that reveal too much of the body are explicitly banned, while for males, styles of dress associated with hip-hop music (i.e., being able to see boxer shorts above the waistband of a males jeans) are targeted. Individuals of a similar age and social identity; in school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. WebFor example, a child whose parents value hard work may see a friends father sitting around watching television all day and begin to question the importance of work. Although the mitigating factors clause was supposed to protect such students, the statistics indicated otherwise. Manitoba, for example, has a highly tracked mathematics program (McFeetors and Mason 2005). They found that popular girls held the most power and displayed this power in their ability to police the adherence to numerous unspoken rules about other girls dress and behaviour. Use Google to find home schooling advocacy groups in Canada. Schools codes of conduct serve to penalize those who do not conform. When children start school, for example, they are socialized to obey authority (i.e., the teacher) and in how to be a student. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). WebSchools and Socialization into Social Class. Socialization Examples The core also consists of embedded practices, which are manners of behaving that are not explicit rules but routine practices within schools that appear to be very natural and taken for granted. If activities and behaviours are gendered by teachers, this can have an impact on how children see appropriate female and male roles. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. The disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal children in Canadian schools may be at least partially driven by the self-fulfilling prophecy. Socialization 101: Definition, Agents, and Examples of Socializing Other researchers have found that school sports coaches create conformity among their players by using misogynistic and homophobic comments to criticize players (Schissel 2000), further contributing to stereotypes about what is considered appropriate male behaviour. As well, previous research has shown that, like bully victims, rejected children report being lonely (Asher, Hymel, and Renshaw 1984) and are more likely to be depressed (Vosk, Forehand, Parker, and Rickard 1982) than integrated peers. For example, with small children, socialization tends to focus on control of biological and emotional impulses, such as drinking from a cup rather than from a bottle or asking permission before picking something up. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. Such negative relationships can put students at risk for social maladjustment as well as emotional and behavioural problems. Summarize how streaming contributes to socialization in schools. Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly. Table 6.1 Structural Differences between School and Family Settings. How are schools teaching morality? The Quebec researchers also found that the likelihood of a child experiencing verbal abuse from a teacher is also fairly consistent across grades, such that when students start a new year with a new teacher, they are likely to encounter the same kind of interactions. Below are the topics covered by both streams at grades 10, 11, & 12. In addition to teaching student subject matter, teachers are often regarded as being responsible for managing the emotional lives of their students (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). A major emphasis in the curriculum is learning practical life skills and how to develop trust for persons in authority. The term became associated with school disciplinary procedures in 1994 when the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in the United States, which required that students who possessed a firearm at school be expelled for no less than one year (Cerrone 1999). Chapter 4-Socialization-Sociology.ppt Box 6.1 Teaching Morality through Example and through Curriculum, Do students look at teachers as moral exemplars? As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. School dress codes can be a particularly contentious topic, particularly when the dress code rules appear to be targeting particular groups and if they do not appear to be enforced fairly. 50 Examples of Socializing - Simplicable Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon.

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