Xu et al. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Fragopoulou et al. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Bioelectromagnetics. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Behav Brain Res. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. 2013;17:711. Cite this article. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Behav Brain Res. 2006;12:44651. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. 2016;74:99107. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. 1992;49:1818. Qutob et al. Google Scholar. Int J Radiat Biol. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Koch C, Zador A. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. 2013;89:11007. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. 1994;10:13548. Correspondence to Xiong et al. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Motawi et al. Wang et al. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. 2011;35:36978. 2009;63:10106. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Mol Cell Biol. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Wang et al. Richter et al. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. 2003;80:194210. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Behav Brain Res. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. 2010;473:525. radiation with wavelengths. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2014;53:22230. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. 2009;27:556572. Annu Rev Physiol. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. PubMed Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Bioelectromagnetics. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Joubert et al. 2012;112:1715. PubMed Central Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Merola et al. millimeter, or equivalently. 2011;174:211. Brain Res Rev. Nat Med. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Bioelectromagnetics. Int J Hyg Environ Health. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2009;64:2314. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Interphone study group. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. PubMed Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Article Article Smythe JW, Costall B. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. 2003;80:177. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Sanders AP, Joines WT. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. 1999;4:102. Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Behav Brain Res. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . eliminating microwave and RF sources. 2014;90:2935. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. 1992;114:16202. Harris KM. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Cancer Res. Qiao et al. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. & Hu, XJ. Gold PE. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. Int J Radiat Biol. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Professor, Asst Director at VIT 2005;161:52635. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Springer Nature. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. 2015;91:55561. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Iran J Public Health. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. 2007;27:6024. Thus, Cosquer et al. radiations. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Nature. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. 2015;91:42634. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Google Scholar. Rev Environ Health. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. 2005;360:6577. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol. 2006;398:2537. Google Scholar. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. PubMed Bioelectromagnetics. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. 2014;12:75. 1988;9:33745. 2004;48:46624. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. J Radiat Proc. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004;155:3743. Trends Neurosci. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Cell Biochem Biophys. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Article Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Brain Res. 2006;98:170713. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. 2008;169:3845. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. PubMed J Med Food. California Privacy Statement, Wang et al. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. 1996;93:46938. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. BMJ. Int J Radiat Biol. PDF Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health - IntechOpen 2002;64:31353. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. 2004;996:8996. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. 2000;11:16413. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Article Toxicol Sci. J Sleep Res. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. J Pharm Sci. Neuroscience. Clinics. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Terms and Conditions, Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Cell Biochem Biophys. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. 2006;27:11926. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. Arch Environ Health. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. However, Li et al. 2010;39:67594. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Bioelectromagnetics. Am J Epidemiol. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Wang et al. Singh et al. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. 2004;115:1490505. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Im HI, Kenny PJ. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Sci Total Environ. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Google Scholar. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. PLoS One. Radiat Res. Chin J Indus Hyg. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Int J Radiat Biol. 2006;5:389. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. PubMed Electromagn Biol Med. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;28:187380. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. 1984;5:6370. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. By using this website, you agree to our Ning et al. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. J Neurosci. Int J Radiat Biol. 2007;210:63544. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. 2005;438:18592. Mol Brain Res. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations.

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