Planta 235, 11971207. (2009). (2008). in Mediterranean agriculture. Resistance that occurs in the central cylinder is related with accumulation of phenolic compounds in the surrounding tissues and nearby xylem vessels inducing a toxic release near the parasite impeding vascular connection (Prez-de-Luque et al., 2009). Bot. is a parasitic plant that feeds on sunflower roots. 3585999. 49, 239248. Pest Manag. Due to their physical and metabolic overlap with the crop, their underground parasitism, their achlorophyllous nature, and hardly destructible seed bank, broomrape weeds are usually not controlled by management strategies designed for non-parasitic weeds. The broomrape plant is small, from 10-60 cm tall depending on species. (2015). doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00702.x. Crop Prot. Metabolism during preconditioning and germination of Orobanche aegyptiaca, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga Research: Biology and management of Orobanche, eds A. H. Pieterse, J. 52, 8386. Crop Sci. 8600 Rockville Pike As alternative, transgenic resistant crops have been engineered with broomrape-inducible expression of toxins specifically targeting the penetrating broomrape seedling. Bioprotection mechanisms of pea plant by Rhizobium leguminosarum against Orobanche crenata. Nitrogen reduces branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) seed germination. Weed Sci. Symbiosis 15, 6170. When Love Hurts Children: Controlling the Feelings of Minors Gworgwor, N. A., and Weber, H. C. (1991). 81, 779781. For each broomrape-crop association, broomrape germination potential is defined by the combination of both, the stimulatory capability of crop root exudates and the sensitivity of parasitic receptors to recognize specific forms of germination-inducing factors (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2008a, 2009b, 2011). Westwood, J. H., dePamphilis, C. W., Das, M., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Honaas, L. A., Timko, M. P., et al. doi: 10.1006/anbo.2001.1520, Labrousse, P., Delmail, D., Arnaud, M. C., and Thalouarn, P. (2010). doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3180.1998.00105.x, Hibberd, J. M., Quick, W. P., Press, M. C., and Scholes, J. D. (1998). Fernndez-Aparicio M, Delavault P, Timko MP. Lpez-Granados, F., and Garca-Torres, L. (1996). Evaluation of the pathogenicity of microorganisms isolated from Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Israel. Flowchart showing major underground parasitic events developed by broomrape weeds on susceptible crops and the control strategies that successfully target them. Rev. However, results recently arisen from a molecule screening identified phytotoxins that induce the development of anchoring device in broomrape radicles (Cimmino et al., 2014, 2015). Rev. Nat. doi: 10.1038/nature03608, Albrecht, H., Yoder, J. I., and Phillips, D. A. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Four broomrape features define the post-attachment herbicidal strategy in comparison with non-parasitic weeds. (1983). 3586002. orthoceras, a potential mycoherbicide, parasitizes seeds of Orobanche cumana (Sunflower broomrape): a cytological study. Fusarium nygamai a potential bioherbicide for Striga hermonthica control in sorghum. Exp. Differential response of pea (Pisum sativum) to Orobanche crenata, Orobanche foetida and Phelipanche aegyptiaca. 36, 113121. Westwood, J. H., Yu, X., Foy, C. L., and Cramer, C. L. (1998). PMC 1), 3437. B., Pron, T., Gauthier, M., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., et al. 23, 44544466. 44, 284289. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.06.009. J. Agric. Res. Plant J. How do nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies affect strigolactone production and exudation? Weed Sci. This is maintained by accumulation of solutes mainly potassium at higher concentrations than in the corresponding host tissues (Abbes et al., 2009). Should you discover broomrape in a field, please contact the grower immediately, who should in turn contact the respective county agricultural commissioner. Dor, E., and Hershenhorn, J. Food Chem. The first mechanism involved in host specialization is displayed during broomrape germination and is mediated by the broomrape recognition of host root exudates in a species-specific manner. Broomrape Eradication is High Priority for UC Researchers, Branched broomrape is so destructive in tomatoes that if it is detected in a growers field, quarantine regulations require that the crop be destroyed and the field be disked under, and common sense dictates that a grower rotate out of host crops for many years, said, The host range of broomrape, in addition to tomato, covers a number of economically important rotational crops in the Central Valley: safflower, sunflower, carrot, bell pepper, several, Hanson and fellow researchers UC Davis assistant professor, Vergara presents findings on farmer-to-farmer education in Panama, Melotto named AAAS fellow for work in plant defenses against bacteria, Yasay accident report released by Davis Police, Poudel wins AAUW International Fellowship, Our leadership-Plant Sciences Executive Committee, Guidelines for Departmental GSR Annual Progress Report and Final Report, Plant Sciences Graduate Student Travel Award, Plant Sciences Teaching Assistantship (TA) Application (temporary link). (2005). (2015). Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Broomrape management elsewhere Israeli cooperators have been working on broomrape management for several decades Eizenberg, Goldwasser, and others Weed is not eradicated, but is managed to an acceptable level Management is based on carefully -timed and -placed herbicides to disrupt key broomrape life stages Variability of interactions between barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) genotypes and Orobanche species. The requirement for germination-inducing factors in order to break dormancy in parasitic seeds are bypassed by ethylene or cytokinins (which promotes ethylene biosynthesis) in Striga sp. You could plant non-host crops for 20 years, but then when you plant tomatoes, branched broomrape could emerge again, Hanson said. Kroschel, J., Mueller-Stoever, D., Elzein, A., and Sauerborn, J. In addition to the toxic effects on broomrape seed and seedling, fertilization can protect crops from broomrape parasitism by means of down-regulating the crop synthesis and exudation of strigolactones, the most potent germination-inducing factors for broomrape. Field Crops Res. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.41.060190.001015. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Field response of Lathyrus cicera germplasm to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Expression of a defense-related 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase gene in response to parasitism by Orobanche spp. Mol. Biochem. Chem. 21, 533537. This resistance is coordinated with the expression of genes encoding for pathogenesis-related proteins (Sarosh et al., 2005; Hasabi et al., 2014). B., Pouponneau, K., Yoneyama, K., Montiel, G., Le Bizec, B., et al. This gene remains silenced during conditioning phase and its activation occurs mediated by host-encoded germination stimulants, i.e., strigolactones, only after the conditioning phase is complete. Plant Sci. Weed Res. Nutrient effects on parasitism and germination of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca). Westwood, J. H., and Foy, C. L. (1999). PDF Red Rock Relationships - Bureau of Land Management (2001). 18, 643649. broomrape and bursage relationship. Promotion of suicidal germination is the technique used to induce broomrape germination with synthetic molecules in the absence of a host to which broomrape can attach, a technique lethal for the parasite as the broomrape seedling is unable to acquire autotrophy. EM 8884-E Reprinted August 2008 important rotational crop in grass seed production systems. Its high cost per surface unit makes this method not readily applicable at large scale (Joel, 2000). Resistance and avoidance against Orobanche crenata in pea (Pisum spp.) Biol. In vitro treatments of a large range of sulfonylurea herbicides inhibit broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Hershenhorn et al., 1998; Plakhine et al., 2001). Mol. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01307.x, Mabrouk, Y., Simier, P., Delavault, P., Delgrange, S., Sifi, B., Zourgui, L., et al. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 120, 328337. Plant Microbe Interact. and transmitted securely. Field Crops Res. inducers of ISR (Gozzo, 2003) and commercially available as Proradix can reduce broomrape parasitism by 80% in susceptible cultivars of hemp and tobacco without phytotoxic effect on the crop (Gonsior et al., 2004). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00748.x. A reduced content of broomrape germination-inducing factors in root exudates of mycorrhizal plants has been demonstrated (Lpez-Rez et al., 2011). J. This work was cofunded by the European Union and INRA, in the framework of the Marie-Curie FP7 COFUND People Program, through the award of an AgreenSkills fellowship (under grant agreement n PCOFUND-GA-2010-267196) to MF-A with additional support by the INRA Division Sant des Plantes et Environnement., Abbasher, A. 20, 471478. 46, 251256. 9, 58. J. Agric. Vaucher, J. P. (1823). Mediterr. Plant Cell Environ. Sci. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Nature 455, 195200. Close related parasitic plants of Orobanchaceae such as Striga and Triphysaria use host derived phenolic derivatives to induce haustorium differentiation (Riopel and Timko, 1995; Albrecht et al., 1999; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). doi: 10.1002/ps.1735, Hershenhorn, J., Eizenberg, H., Dor, E., Kapulnik, Y., and Goldwasser, Y. Sci. Structure and function of natural and synthetic signaling molecules in parasitic weed germination. Ann. (2015). Broomrape, commonly called Orobanche, is a genus of more than 200 species of herbaceous plants native to the temperate northern hemisphere. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche Research, eds K. Wegmann and L. J. Musselman (Obermarchtal, FRG: Eberhard Karls Universitt), 147156. doi: 10.1146/annurev.py.18.090180.002335, Musselman, L. J., and Dickison, W. C. (1975). Among the reviewed strategies are those aimed (1) to reduce broomrape seed bank viability, such as fumigation, herbigation, solarization and use of broomrape-specific pathogens; (2) diversion strategies to reduce the broomrape ability to timely detect the host such as those based on promotion of suicidal germination, on introduction of allelochemical interference, or on down-regulating host exudation of germination-inducing factors; (3) strategies to inhibit the capacity of the broomrape seedling to penetrate the crop and connect with the vascular system, such as biotic or abiotic inhibition of broomrape radicle growth and crop resistance to broomrape penetration either natural, genetically engineered or elicited by biotic- or abiotic-resistance-inducing agents; and (4) strategies acting once broomrape seedling has bridged its vascular system with that of the host, aimed to impede or to endure the parasitic sink such as those based on the delivery of herbicides via haustoria, use of resistant or tolerant varieties and implementation of cultural practices improving crop competitiveness. Soil herbigation (saturating the soil with herbicides such as sulfonylureas) effectively controls preattached stages of broomrapes (Hershenhorn et al., 2009) but is hardly compatible with other agricultural cropping practices as detrimental for many crop seedlings for several weeks or months. These thumbnail pictures have links to larger photographs and . Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis decreases strigolactone production in tomato. 119, 585591. If this effect is confirmed, L-methionine use to elicit resistance to broomrape in susceptible crops could be a straightforward strategy either by direct applications of this amino acid in the soil as explained in Section Control Strategies Targeting Host Penetration or delivered by overproducing and excreting microorganisms as explained in Section Strategies to Control Underground Broomrapes Acting after Establishment.. Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of defence induced in pea by Rhizobium leguminosarum against Orobanche crenata. with Phytomyza orobanchia, a review. Solute fluxes from tobacco to the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche cernua and the influence of infection on host carbon and nitrogen relations. Urea has no detrimental effects in plants but it is toxic to broomrape pre-attached stages probably exercised via ammonium after broomrape urease hydrolyses urea into ammonium. 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.10.004 July 4, 2022 July 4, 2022. Weed Res. Crops with target-site herbicide resistance for Orobanche and Striga control. Physiol. *Correspondence: Mnica Fernndez-Aparicio, monica.fernandez@dijon.inra.fr, View all Besides arginine and aspartate, other major forms of amino acids translocate from the host phloem but they are rapidly utilized by broomrape. Weed Res. Bioinspired chitinous material solutions for environmental sustainability and medicine. The evolution from autotrophic to heterotrophic mode of nutrition carried a reduction of the main broomrape vegetative organs toward vestigial versions, non-functional for autotrophy. excrete enzymes with carbohydrase activity. However, when Vurro et al. These efforts were so successful that no industry dollars have gone to this problem since then, until now.. Adv. Assessment of pathogenicity or damages toward non-target plants has to be carefully assessed in order to avoid environmental risks. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Zhang, Y., Luc, J. E., and Crow, W. T. (2010). However, the efficacy of these molecules has been proved only in laboratory essays. The host reproductive sinks compete earlier and stronger against the parasitic sink and in consequence less nutritive resources are allocated to the parasite (Manschadi et al., 1996). However, seven broomrape species, Orobanche crenata, O. cernua, O. cumana, O. foetida, O. minor, Phelipanche aegyptiaca, and P. ramosa have specialized on attacking crops causing trouble in agriculture along Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia (Parker, 2009). Phytochemistry 32, 13991402. In order to achieve such synchrony they evolved mechanisms that release seed from dormancy triggering germination upon detection of specific molecules contained in host root exudates (Vaucher, 1823). Planta. Kusumoto, D., Goldwasser, Y., Xie, X., Yoneyama, K., and Takeuchi, Y. Plant Sci. However, instability of this compound, particularly at pH > 7.5, and lack of optimal formulations rendered this technique not applicable (Saghir, 1986; Babiker et al., 1987, 1988). Red clover plants were grown in soil articially infested with small broomrape seed in temperature-con-trolled growth . Control 15, 274282. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. Ghersa, C. M., and Martinez-Ghersa, M. A. doi: 10.1017/S0960258500002671, Lpez-Bellido, R. J., Bentez-Vega, J., and Lpez-Bellido, L. (2009). Mineral nutrient concentration influences sunflower infection by broomrape (Orobanche cumana). doi: 10.1021/jf904247k, Evidente, A., Cimmino, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Melck, D. (2011). Suttle, J. C., and Schreiner, D. R. (1982). Their absolute dependence on host-derived nutritive resources for successful seedling establishment and consequent growth makes necessary the synchronization of parasitic germination with the growth of its host. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2003.09.013, Labrousse, P., Arnaud, M. C., Seryes, H., Berville, A., and Thalouarn, P. (2001). Pest Manag. Another strategy to induce suicidal germination of broomrape seed bank could be the use of gibberellin agonists. New Phytol. mermaid sightings in ireland; is color optimizing creme the same as developer; harley davidson 1584 cc motor; what experiment did stan have in mind answers Thorie Elmentaire de la Botanique. Sci. Therefore broomrape seeds timely gain sensitivity for host chemodetection by means of conditioning (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996). doi: 10.1007/s00425-011-1568-8, Yoneyama, K., Xie, X., Kusumoto, D., Sekimoto, H., Sugimoto, Y., Takeuchi, Y., et al. During the grafting between host and parasite, broomrape assumes the role of a root, orientating vascular tissues from the host shoot into itself (Bar-Nun et al., 2008). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The majority of strategies aimed to manage autotrophic weeds do not necessarily work for broomrapes and those that provide a degree of success for broomrape need to be optimized for each broomrape-crop species combination, local environmental conditions and broomrape population. Branched broomrape has recently been detected in isolated fields in Yolo, Solano and San Joaquin counties, but the processing tomato business has a history of investing in efforts to eradicate this potentially disastrous weed. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1995.tb01641.x, Gomez-Roldan, V., Fermas, S., Brewer, P. B., Puech-Pages, V., Dun, E. A., Pillot, J. P., et al. Several mechanisms underlying this resistance have been described at this stage such as production of gel-like substances within host vessels blocking the transfer of nutrients, host-encoded toxic-compounds delivered into the parasitic tissue though the vascular system and hormonal incompatibility that leads to abnormal haustorial maturation with scarce vascular connections (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2008c; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2008, 2009). Physiol. Food Chem. Underground shoots will also develop from the tubercles that will eventually emerge through the soil surface leading into the development of reproductive organs (Figures 2FJ). Home wwe 2k20 moveset broomrape and bursage relationship. Control of Orobanche crenata in legumes intercropped with fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Besides the effects of fertilization management on pre-attached broomrape stages described in previous sections, high soil fertility can induce crops to endure broomrape parasitism by helping the host to maintain a favorable osmotic potential that reduces the parasitic sink strength (Gworgwor and Weber, 1991). In this process, cellular expansion of the root meristem is redirected from longitudinal to radial and the root apex changes its form from conical to spherical. 83, 453458. Sci. A novel approach to Striga and Orobanche control using synthetic germination stimulants. 4, 123152. (2002). Weed Res. Although these industry efforts are important, the most effective means to control the spread of this pest is active concern for the presence of this weed in processing tomato fields, Bagley said. The crops affected depend on the host range of the broomrape species considered but in general, those in the Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, or Solanaceae such as sunflower, oilseed rape, carrot, faba bean, or tomato among many others, sustain the major attacks (Parker and Riches, 1993). Interactions between the parasitic angiosperm Orobanche aegyptiaca and its tomato host: growth and biomass allocation. Bot. Sci. Weed Res. When they are applied in vitro to seeds of P. ramosa and O. minor, they bypass the effect of germination-inducing factors, promoting broomrape germination in absence of host or any germination stimulant (Cala et al., 2015). News Bull. Ann. Planta 225, 10311038. american fidelity accident insurance. Bot. 6, 31293140. (2009). These plants are best known by their straw-yellow stems, which are completely free of chlorophyll and have blue, white, or yellow dragon-like flowers. Orobanche; Phelipanche; germination; haustorium; integrated pest management; parasitism; plant recognition; seed bank. Riopel, J. L., and Timko, M. P. (1995). This spatial/temporal frame defines the maximum host-reaching distance for successful broomrape parasitism. Likewise, rapum is the partially . 25, 402411. The apical cells in the radicle apex develop into intrusive cells, which successively invade host root cortex, endodermis, and the central cylinder. 41, 127151. doi: 10.1007/BF02980855, Prez-de-Luque, A., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2008). Mechanical force exerted by the haustorium development toward host vascular cylinder combined with enzymatic secretion promotes the separation of host cells without their lysis (Privat, 1960; Ben-Hod et al., 1993; Sholmer-Ilan, 1993; Singh and Singh, 1993; Antonova and Ter Borg, 1996; Bar-Nun et al., 1996; Losner-Goshen et al., 1998; Veronesi et al., 2005). The taxonomy of the group is somewhat contentious, and the American species of broomrape are sometimes placed in the genus Aphyllon. Shortly after host penetration and connection, the parasite begins its heterotrophic growth at the expense of host resources. Therefore an integrated and sustained management strategy composed by several control methods acting at different broomrape life stages is highly recommended to keep away the broomrape weed problem in a durable manner (Kebreab and Murdoch, 2001). The Flower That Must Not Be Named - The New York Times The seedling absorbs water both from the soil and from the seed endothelium, the later ensuring radicle development even in dry soil (Joel et al., 2012). Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. This parasite extracts all its nutrients at the host's expense so that host-parasite trophic relationships are crucial to determine host and parasite growth. J. update on breeding for resistance to sunflower broomrape / actualizacin de la situacin de la mejora gentica de girasol para resistencia al jopo June 2014 Helia 33(52):1-12 B., Delavault, P., Chaibi, W., and Simier, P. (2010). doi: 10.1002/adfm.201300053, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Evidente, A., Prez-de-Luque, A., and Rubiales, D. (2008a). Saghir, A. R. (1986). J. Exp. Description Small broomrape is an her-baceous, eshy annual that is a (2001). Weed Sci. Branched broomrape is so destructive in tomatoes that if it is detected in a growers field, quarantine regulations require that the crop be destroyed and the field be disked under, and common sense dictates that a grower rotate out of host crops for many years, said Brad Hanson, UC Cooperative Extension weed specialist, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis. doi: 10.1039/b907026e, Boari, A., and Vurro, M. (2004). doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.06.009, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Flores, F., and Rubiales, D. (2009b). (2006) applied L-methionine in pots to tomato roots the number of broomrape seedlings that successfully developed parasitism was highly reduced. Broomrapes produce little or no chlorophyll; instead, they draw nourishment from the roots of other plants by means of small suckers called haustoria. Few days after host vascular connection, the part of the broomrape seedling that remains outside the host root develops into a storage organ called tubercle. Weed Res. Soyasapogenol B and trans-22-dehydrocamposterol from common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) root exudates stimulate broomrape seed germination. Germination ecophysiology, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 195219. Flavonoids promote haustoria formation in the root parasite Triphysaria versicolor. 22, 937947. Seed dormancy and the control of germination. Molecular responses of Lotus japonicus to parasitism by the compatible species Orobanche aegyptiaca and the incompatible species Striga hermonthica. 67, 10151022. Fig. Opin. (2007a). It is important for broomrape to initiate parasitism in young crops otherwise host reproductive organs in the rapid seed-filling stage will be able to endure a delayed parasitism by establishing a stronger competition with parasitic sinks (Manschadi et al., 1996; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009a, 2012a). Pest Manag. Certain amino acids strongly inhibit the early development of broomrape without phytotoxic effects in the host (Vurro et al., 2006). In Vitro Cell. (1995). The long-term approach to parasitic weeds control: manipulation of specific developmental mechanisms of the parasite. Biol. Nutrients influence the crop-parasite pre-attached interaction in several ways. B., Thoiron, S., Leduc, N., et al. Still, as the parasite is synchronized on the crop development this means in some cases that the change disfavoring the parasite could also limit the maximum potential yield for the crop. Those mechanisms kill the broomrape either by inducing toxic effects or by starving the parasite. The presence of strigolactone biosynthetic system in broomrapes raises the question on how the parasite performs diversified stimulant recognition in order to set the timing of germination. The broomrape radicle shows no gravitropism and grows toward the host as a result of cell elongation. Most species are primarily subterranean and appear aboveground only to reproduce. A., and Garca-Garrido, J. M. (2009c). FIGURE 2. 44, 22212229. Broomrape Weeds. Underground Mechanisms of Parasitism and - PubMed J. Phytopathol. Hamamouch, N., Westwood, J. H., Banner, I., Cramer, C. L., Gepstein, S., and Aly, R. (2005). broomrape and bursage relationship. Mol. Bookshelf J. Evol. Musselman, L. J. broomrape, (genus Orobanche), genus of about 150 species of parasitic annual or perennial herbs (family Orobanchaceae). doi: 10.1104/pp.119.2.585, Aly, R. (2007). Scientists Dr Chris Thorogood at the University of Oxford Botanic Garden, and Dr Fred Rumsey at London's Natural History Museum have just described a new form of a strange parasitic 'vampire' plant known as 'common broomrape'. Cezard, R. (1973). Plant Physiol. No-tillage improves broomrape control with glyphosate in faba-bean. J. Microbiol. 33, 267349. In those cases, broomrape displays a pathogenic nature promoting disease in the crop mainly through negative effects on the crop photosynthetic machinery and hormonal balance (Stewart and Press, 1990; Mauromicale et al., 2008). doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00272.x, Hibberd, J. M., Quick, W. P., Press, M. C., Scholes, J. D., and Jeschke, W. D. (1999). broomrape and bursage relationship - vph.co doi: 10.1002/ps.993, Tank, D. C., Beardsley, P. M., Kelchner, S. A., and Olmstead, R. G. (2006). 60, 316323. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1998.0847, Toh, S., Kamiya, Y., Kawakami, N., Nambara, E., McCourt, P., and Tsuchiya, Y. Weed Biol. Broomrape seed bank remains viable in the soil for many years until germination is triggered by the coincidence of several physical and chemical factors that are indicative of environmental conditions for successful seedling establishment: i.e., the nearby growth of a host plant in a physiological stage susceptible for broomrape invasion and subsequent parasitic reproductive growth (Linke and Saxena, 1991; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996, 1999). Plant Sci. 112 297308. Eizenberg, H., Aly, R., and Cohen, Y. Impact of egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca (Pers - PubMed Ann. Positive regulation: (1) production by each flower scape of hundreds of thousands of seeds able to survive in the soil for more than 10 years; (2) production by the host plant of strigolactones or glucosinolates that stimulate seed germination (blue arrows). However, the overall productivity of the host-parasite system is also reduced due to the shorter growing period being detrimental for crop yield. doi: 10.1002/ps.1706, Keywords: integrated pest management, Orobanche, Phelipanche, parasitism, germination, haustorium, plant recognition, seed bank, Citation: Fernndez-Aparicio M, Reboud X and Gibot-Leclerc S (2016) Broomrape Weeds. 35, 445452. Tolerant varieties are able to endure infection with minor losses on productivity. Although hard seed coat has been described as dormancy mechanism in newly formed broomrape seeds (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996), water uptake and imbibition are performed quickly by mature seeds through the micropyle without the need of scarification (Bar-Nun and Mayer, 1993; Joel et al., 2012). Effects of environment and sowing date on the competition between faba bean (Vicia faba) and the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant for root parasites. Keyes, W. J., Palmer, A. G., Erbil, W. K., Taylor, J. V., Apkarian, R. P., Weeks, E. R., et al. This technique promotes the host plant to fulfill its required thermal time to flower in a shorter number of days, making the grain filling period shorter.

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