© 2001 By Sulzer Textil Limited Switzerland Phase 3: Electromagnets (h) and (r) are simultaneously activated which is determined by the pattern. The projectiles grip yarns of a wide count range 1. The weaving process is particularly abusive to lengthwise yarns in a woven fabric; therefore, the technology surrounding the 35 © 2001 By Sulzer Textil Limited Switzerland 36 WEAVING PREPARATION clearing and package quality now has become a part of the spinning process rather than part of a separate winding process. © 2001 By Sulzer Textil Limited Switzerland 9.1 Functional Description of Projectile Weaving Machines 245 FIGURE 9.27 Projectile types. You can change your ad preferences anytime. FIGURE 4.108 Automatic drawing of warp end through drop wire, heddle eye and reed (courtesy of Staubli). 4. Or the weaver can use their weaving software to find the answer electronically. The stiffness (flexural rigidity) is obtained by multiplying the cube of the bending length by the fabric weight per unit area. (Figure 3.20). Denim fabrics are made for a variety of applications and in a wide range of qualities and shades. 12.4 CARPET WEAVING Woven carpets are produced on specially designed shuttle and rapier machines. In the following sections, the © 2001 By Sulzer Textil Limited Switzerland technological factors related to optimizing the weaving process are considered. Special needles 1 © 2001 By Sulzer Textil Limited Switzerland 2 FABRIC FORMATION BY WEAVING FIGURE 1.1 Major steps in fabric manufacturing. The machines that are used to wind quills are called “quillers” or pirn winding machines. Press roller 2 ensures crease free winding of the fabric. Loop height is determined mainly by the distance between the pick group and the withdrawn cloth fell. To improve the fabric appearance, i.e., to compensate yarn count fluctuations and color irregularities, a 1–1 filling insertion from two bobbins instead of filling insertion from only one bobbin is recommended. It should be noted that the warping terminology is quite different in different regions and sometimes the same term may be used to identify different processes in different regions or industries. Fabrics woven from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are used in medical technology to treat internal and external wounds. 13.2 WOVEN FABRIC PROPERTIES Fabric Weight and Thickness Fabric weight can be expressed in two ways: direct and indirect system. For P7150/ P7250 only electronically controlled dobby and jacquard are available. Powdered size from silos, big-bags or sacks is metered into weighing stations and then transferred to the cooker. A spindle speed of 5000 rpm is possible. Memory cards are sold as separate items. With the aid of the data carrier, the weaving data are transferred to a memory card. Today, microfilaments (Tactel®, Meryl®) of perfect quality are made of polyamide as well. Tablet weaving is a simple technique to weave strong and decorative fibre strips that was used by many cultures. 12.3 TECHNICAL TEXTILES FIGURE 12.10 The components of the rapier terry weaving machine with pile formation by shortening of sley travel. The relation between metric count and cotton count is: (2.3) 2.3.3 Yarn Twist There are two twist directions of fibers in a yarn: “right hand” twist and “left hand” twist. 1. 6, 1969. 40 © 2001 By Sulzer Textil Limited Switzerland 4.1 Winding 41 FIGURE 4.8 Various types of yarn guides, top left: wire hard chromed, top right: plasma ceramic coated, bottom right: alumina sintered, bottom left: hard porcelain (courtesy of Italian Textile Machinery Manufacturers’ Association). Figure 4.79 shows typical sizing machine configurations. Blend levels of fibers should be considered carefully in sizing. 5, 1970. Explain why or why not. The output of the machine is the fabric. Automatic drawing-in increases speed, flexibility and quality in weaving preparation compared to manual drawing-in. The readingin needles are equipped with springs which are all made of high grade hardened steel. Figure 12.35 shows a fire entry suit which can be used to enter right to the source of the fire without great risk, to rescue people or to close an emergency valve in a burning drilling platform. A surface yarn system of loops is “sewn” or “stitched” through a primary backing fabric, usually a woven or nonwoven fabric. To achieve this, relay nozzles (subnozzles, auxiliary nozzles) are used to maintain high air velocity (as well as high yarn velocity) across the machine width. Figure 12.12 shows the formation of woven pleats. Figure 4.92 shows yarns spun by air-jet, open-end and ring spinning methods. Patrick Weaver FAICD, FCIOB, PMP. © 2001 By Sulzer Textil Limited Switzerland Review Questions 167 broken, the machine is automatically stopped and the faulty pick is found and removed from the fabric. PDF | Weaving is the most popular way of fabric manufacturing. Via the regulating linkage 2, this sets the roller 6 closer to the cam disc so that the let-off increases again. When a harness moves up or down, all the warp yarns attached to that harness move up or down together. The pick is removed from the shed by turning the winding roller. 244 PROJECTILE WEAVING FIGURE 9.25 Projectile circulation. 8.1.3 Principles of Air-jet Filling Insertion Air Flow The transporting medium, air, has a complicated motion during the insertion. The electric selvage trimmers can be programmed via the terminal. © 2001 By Sulzer Textil Limited Switzerland 14 OVERVIEW OF POLYMERS, FIBERS AND YARNS USED IN WOVEN FABRICS This is the first commercial fiber introduced in the last 25 years for apparel markets. Page size 452 x 648 pts Figure 7.3 shows various shuttles and Figure 7.4 shows different quill designs. Besides, since the wet moving element is more massive, there is less chance for the filling yarn to entanglewith the warp. In this position, the segments have been rotated about 70° and they no longer form a closed tube. The fabrics can be inspected with an electronically controlled cloth inspection machine. For this purpose, all heddle frame segments are moved into low shed position, leaving the shuttle accessible on the warp. Reed selection depends on several considerations including fabric appearance, fabric weight (ends per unit width), beat-up force, air space requirement and weave design. I thank God for everything that made this book possible. An automatic shuttle change mechanism is used to remove the empty shuttle at a particular spot in the trajectory and a reserve shuttle is inserted. These sports can give rise to unexpected falls with extended sliding that creates frictional heat. Figure 14.19 shows the operation of EDOS. Fabrics are flexible yet strong. In Phase B, the left-hand rapier transfers the pick to right-hand rapier 3. Tire cord is a fabric, that, practically, consists of warp cords only. In leno selvage, a leno design at the edges of the fabric locks the warp yarns in (Figure 5.34). Plant fibers and animal fibers constitute the natural fibers. Agrotextiles are either woven fabrics or nonwovens, mainly made of synthetic materials that are indifferent to rotting. In general, single box sizing machines have two squeezing rollers and two box machines have a single roller in each box. One of the first necessities of early humans was a piece of cloth to cover their body for decency and to protect themselves from the adverse effects of the environment. The control is composed of a magnet bar with 20 or 28 electromagnets and a controller which activates the electromagnets of the dobby and starts the control functions of the weaving machine according to the weave data. Vonwiller, E., “Solid Weaving Technology”, ATI, November 1998. and air-jet weaving machines. How is air permeability of fabrics measured? Direct heating in which steam is injected into the size. They are subject to changing fashions, the market is constantly demanding new qualities and designs. ME-1000 Sectional Warper, McCoy-Ellison, Inc., 1997. Recent high capacity jacquard carpet weaving machines have 4480 and 6720 solenoids. If a weft yarn is not inserted completely, the machine stops to facilitate the removal of the residual weft yarn. After a few turns at the beginning, a lease band is inserted in the axial direction of the beam (Figure 4.31). Because of the turbulence, the emerging jet becomes partly mixed with the surrounding fluid at rest. Therefore, about 10% more water should be added to get the same add-on [3]. In general, it is possible to work with reduced air pressures which not only reduces stoppages but also lowers air consumption. Indigo Rope Dyeing In warp preparation for rope dyeing, 350–400 warp yarns are assembled on the ball warper to form a rope 10,000 to 15,000 meters long. The length of the loop depends on the diameter and speed of the measuring drum and may change due to slippage between the measuring drum and the feeding roller. At the same time, depending on the yarn types used, the fabric is stretched under very accurate conditions of time, FIGURE 12.23 Controllable temple [5]. The lack of an exact model in the literature is in part due to the extreme complexity of the mathematical © 2001 By Sulzer Textil Limited Switzerland analysis of compressible or incompressible turbulent flow which is the transporting medium for the yarn during insertion with air-jet. Paton, D., “Multiphase Weaving Developments: Patent-based Review, Part 2 (continued)”, Textile Month, Jan. 1979. 15 Future of Weaving In today’s fast moving technological world, it is hardly possible to predict the future of any industry even six months down the road. Staple (spun) yarns are made of twisting and entangling short fibers together. © 2001 By Sulzer Textil Limited Switzerland 12.3 Technical Textiles 343 FIGURE 12.38 Reflective fabrics for safety (courtesy of Schoeller Textile Limited). Table 1.1 gives a comparison of these machines, which are all single phase machines. The Teflon® coating on all the dryer cans should be in good shape to prevent dry can sticking (also called shedding), which may be a problem. In 1953 the first commercial projectile weaving machines were shipped. This chapter also includes the other fluid insertion system, water-jet. Therefore, it is appropriate to consider the multiphase weaving machines as the third generation of weaving machines. FIGURE 4.1 Yarn preparation steps for weaving. Automatic harness leveling devices are used in cam shedding to provide even tension on warp yarn during machine stops. There is a “walkthrough” platform in between that allows better access to the comb, delivery roll and beam. With today’s computerized sectional warping systems, once the basic style information is entered, the computer automatically calculates the following [1]: • • • FIGURE 4.31 Lease band application (courtesy of Sucker Muller Hacoba). Thin and thick places and other irregularities can be represented in the yarn depending on the simulated manufacturing model. The wax level is 4–12% and the majority of the plants run around 7–8%. After that, the yarn material starts bearing the load which would reduce the extension rate of the fabric. If the dry cans are not anti-stick coated, the PVA may stick to them. Therefore, at least three headers and control pieces are woven per tire cord 12.3 Technical Textiles 329 FIGURE 12.22 Header [5]. There is one needle and one hook for every end in the repeat. ISO 14000 can be used as a powerful marketing tool since environmental friendliness is popular with individuals, companies, and government agencies. The warp is evenly let-off by a system of constant tension control from full to empty beam, this is controlled by a highly sensitive electronic device.

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